“ELatin America, ababhali babhekwa njengabantu abavukela umbuso noma amafagots, imilutha yezidakamizwa y abaqamba amanga. Ekujuleni kwenhliziyo, mhlawumbe yilokho esiyikho. " URoberto Bolaño.
La Izincwadi zaseLatin American Luhambo lwabaningi, kodwa ngeshwa, alwaziwa nhlobo ngabanye. Luhlukile ngenxa yalo Amaqiniso omlando, umlingiswa wayo Igazi eliyingxenye, izindawo zayo kanye nezincazelo zamadolobha avelele kakhulu emazweni aseLatin America, lapho abalingiswa bavame ukwenza khona uhambo olubalulekile. Ingxubevange ye inganekwane neqinisoAbadlali abagcina umkhuba ohlukile okwenza umfundi azibonele lokho akuthandayo, bakwenza kube ngenye yezindlela zokulandisa ezicebe kakhulu emhlabeni.
Ungasho ukuthi ukubhala okuhlukahlukene nokujabulisayo okuvame kakhulu ukunikeza hhayi nje injabulo yobuhle kodwa namaqiniso nolwazi oluchaza indawo lapho indaba iqhubeka khona: imibuso yobushiqela, izimpi zombango, ukuvukela umbuso, ukufuduka kwabantu, ukungalingani komphakathi, kodwa futhi nobubele, amahlaya, inkanuko, kanye nokuphila kwansuku zonke. Konke lokhu kwenze abalobi baseLatin America baba yindawo ebalulekile yokubhekisela kubafundi emhlabeni jikelele.
Ababhali abakhulu baseLatin America
Okulandelayo, sizokwethula ezinye ze Ababhali baseLatin America abazuze ukuqashelwa ngeminikelo yabo emisebenzini yobuciko kanye nasemazweni abo njengengxenye ye- intuthuko ejulile yamasikoLaba babhali babone izinkathi ezahlukene, amazwe, izimo zezombusazwe, zenhlalo, kanye nezomnotho, kanye nokunye okuhlangenwe nakho okwathonya isenzo sokuxoxa izindaba futhi kwenza umehluko ekubhaleni kwabo.
Eziningi zazo ziyingxenye yezehlakalo ezifana ne- isi-latin American boom, ukukhuphuka kwe ubuqiniso bomlingo, lo i-antinovela noma i inoveli yomlando ibuyekeziweAbanye bangamalungu ezinhlangano zakamuva, kodwa bahlanganyela nalesi siko. Bonke, ngaphandle kokukhetha, basize ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi izincwadi zesiSpanishi ziyafundwa, ziyafundwa futhi ziyathandwa emhlabeni wonke.
(Santiago, eChile, Ephreli 28, 1953 – eBarcelona, Julayi 15, 2003)
UROBERTO BOLAÑO ÁVALOS
Kwakuyi- Umbhali nomlobi waseChile, owinile we Umklomelo weHerralde futhi i Umklomelo we-Rómulo GallegosNakuba wayesevele eqashelwa kakhulu ngesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe, kwakungemva kokufa kwakhe lapho aqhubeka khona nokufeza impumelelo ngamazwi akhe, waba ngomunye wabaculi abadumile. abalobi baseLatin America abanethonya kakhulu izizukulwane ezintsha zabalandisi bezindaba.
Imisebenzi yakhe, phakathi kwayo okulandelayo kuvelele Abaseshi basendle y 2666Lezi zihloko ezimbili, kanye nenoveli, zihunyushelwe ezilimini eziningi, okuhlanganisa isiNgisi, isiFulentshi, isiJalimane, isiNtaliyane, kanye nesiDashi. Inkanyezi ekudeZibekwe ezindaweni eziphezulu ohlwini "lwezincwadi eziyi-100 ezinhle kakhulu ngesiSpanishi eminyakeni engama-25 edlule" ezidalwe abagxeki bezincwadi nababhali abanokubaluleka okufanayo.
Emsebenzini kaBolaño kukhona inhlanganisela uhambo lokubhala, ukuzindla ngobudlova eLatin America kanye nokuhlola njalo umfanekiso ka umbhali ongaphandleKuye, izincwadi ziyindawo eyingozi lapho ubungane, ezombusazwe, ukwehluleka, kanye nokufuna iqiniso cishe okungasoze kwagwenywa ukubanjwa kuhlangana khona. Izingcezu ezifana nendima edumile evela ku- Abaseshi basendleEncwadini yakhe, lapho exoxa khona ngezincwadi ezahlukene zesimo ngasinye, wembula umbono wakhe: kukhona "izincwadi zabaphelelwe yithemba" ezithi, ngokusho kwakhe, abalingiswa bakhe bazama ukuzibhala, bekhokha inani eliphezulu kakhulu ngazo.
Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi, ngesikhathi sokufa kwakhe, umbhali wayene Izinkontileka zokushicilela ezingu-37 emazweni ayi-10 Futhi, phakathi nezinyanga, ukuba khona kwayo ekushicilelweni kwaqhubeka nokukhula kwaze kwaba yilapho ifinyelela inani eliphelele Izincwadi ezingu-50 kanye nezinguqulo ezicishe zibe ngu-49 emazweni angu-12Lesi senzakalo sangemva kokufa saqinisa isikhundla sakhe njengebhuloho elikhulu phakathi kwe- isi-latin American boom kanye nendaba yeminyaka eyizinkulungwane entsha.
Umsebenzi kaBolaño uhlanganisa izitayela ezahlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa amanoveli, izindaba ezimfushane, izinkondlo, izinkulumo zokubhala kanye nezindatshana. Ukubhala kwakhe kuhlanganisa imizwa emnyama, izikhathi zokubhala amagama kanye nezakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi zokulandisa, lapho izindaba ezihlukene, ubufakazi obuhlanganisiwe, kanye nabalingiswa abanyamalalayo noma abazisungula kabusha bevame khona.
- Amanoveli akhe yilawa: Iseluleko esivela kumfundi kaMorrison esiqondiswe kumuntu othanda uJoyce; I-The Elephant's Path; I-Skating Rink; Izincwadi ZamaNazi eMelika; I-Distant Star; I-Savage Detectives; I-Amulet; I-Chilean Nocturne; I-Antwerp; kanye ne-A Lumpen Novella. Ngemva kokufa, okulandelayo kwanyatheliswa: 2666; I-Third Reich; I-The Sorrows of the True Cop; I-Spirit of Science Fiction; kanye ne-Cowboy Graves.
- Futhi izindaba zakhe: Izingcingo kanye nama-Killer Whores. Ngezinhlelo zangemuva kokufa ezifana ne-The Insufferable Gaucho, i-Bar Diary kanye ne-The Secret of Evil.
Uzuze cishe imiklomelo eyisishiyagalombili emikhulu yezincwadi Futhi ithonya lakhe lingabonakala kubabhali banamuhla kulo lonke izwekazi, abathatha umbono wakhe odabukisayo nocacile ngobudlova, ukudingiswa, kanye nokunqotshwa komuntu siqu.
UJULIO FLORENCIO CORTÁZAR
(Ixelles, eBrussels; 26 Agasti 1914 – eParis; 12 Februwari 1984)
UCortázar, umbhali, umhumushi, kanye nombhali wezincwadi zezinkondlo ezivame ukuvela ngezikhathi ezithile, ubhekwa njengomunye wababhali bezincwadi ababhali ababaluleke kakhulu abakhuluma iSpanishi ngenxa yokuthi ihlala njalo ukuhlola okusemthethweniowasungula izinto ezintsha futhi waphula imithetho yokuhweba eyayimisiwe. Wavelela indaba emfushane, iphrozi kanye nendaba jikelele.
Okuthile okuyisici nokuhlukile ngeCortázar isitayela se-surreal, okumphakamisa ngaphezu kwabanye abalobi baseLatin America: uzulazula phakathi kwezinto ezimangalisayo nezingokoqobo, okuholela ekubeni ubuqiniso bomlingo bomuntu siqu okuyinto, ngokusho kwabafundi bakhe, kokubili okujabulisayo nokungajabulisi. Izindaba zakhe zivame ukuqala ngesimo esibonakala sivamile esishintsha kancane kancane siye kokungajwayelekile, njengaku-"House Taken Over" noma ku-"Axolotl".
Naphezu kokuba ngum-Argentina, umbhali ukhethe Ubuzwe baseFrance ngenxa yobushiqela bezempi ezweni lakhe. Ubonisa ngokusobala ukwazisa kwakhe ngalezi zindawo ezimbili emisebenzini yakhe, ezihunyushelwe ezilimini ezahlukene; umuntu odumile kakhulu... Rayuela, ekhona nxazonke Izinguqulo ezingu-30ngisho nezinguqulo eziku- Isi-Mandarin kanye nezinye izilimi ezazingabikezeleki kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi.
Kuyafaneleka ukuqaphela ukuthi ngenxa yendlela Rayuela Ibhalwe futhi ingafundwa—ngokulandelana okuqondile noma ngokulandela “ibhodi lokuqondisa” elimema ukugxuma kusuka kwesinye isahluko kuya kwesinye—ibhekwa njengenye yezindlela amanoveli okuqala okuhlola okujulile kusukela e-Argentina kanye nengqophamlando endabeni yaseLatin America. Kwabaningi, lo msebenzi uvula indlela entsha yokuxhumana nomfundi, oguqulwa abe nguye umbhali osebenzisana nencazelo zomlando
Uthole imiklomelo eminingi ngale kwemiklomelo, okuhlanganisa izikwele nezikhungo zemfundo eziqanjwe ngaye, kanye nezikhumbuzo nezikhumbuzo emadolobheni amaningi. Umsebenzi wakhe ufundwa emanyuvesi nasemakilabhini ezincwadi ngokufanayo, futhi uhlala uyisithenjwa esibalulekile kulabo abaqala ukuhlola kwabo izincwadi zaseLatin America zekhulu lama-20.
- Amanoveli akhe yilawa: Imiklomelo; I-Hopscotch; Imodeli engu-62 okufanele ihlanganiswe; Incwadi Yemiyalelo kaManuel; I-Divertimento; Ukuhlolwa, bese kuba isahluko esingekho kule noveli kwanyatheliswa njengencwadi: Idayari ka-Andrés Fava.
- Izindaba zakhe zifaka: I-Bestiary; Ukuphela Komdlalo; Izikhali Eziyimfihlo; Konke Kudubula Umlilo; I-Octahedron; Umuntu Uyahambahamba; Simthanda Kakhulu uGlenda; Amahora Angafaneleki kanye Nogu Olulodwa.
UGABRIEL GARCIA MARQUEZ
(Aracataca, Mashi 6, 1927 - Mexico City, Ephreli 17, 2014)
Ngaphandle kokuba ngumlobi, wayeyi- Intatheli yaseColombia, umhleli, kanye nombhali wesikriniOkuhlobene ngqo ne- ubuqiniso bomlingo ngenxa yomlando wemisebenzi yakhe kanye nendlela yakhe yokubhala, ehlanganisa iqiniso nenganekwane. Ungomunye wababhali ababaluleke kakhulu bolimi lwesiSpanishi. inani elikhulu labafundi emhlabeni jikelele
Phakathi kokuqashelwa kwakhe okukhulu yiminikelo yakhe ku- ubuntatheli obulandisa izindaba ngenxa yesitayela sakhe sokubhala emibikweni, ezingxoxweni, nakwezinye izinhlobo ezixubile ezashukumisa futhi zaguqula ukubhala emithonjeni yezindaba ephrintiwe yezwekazi. Imibhalo efana nethi "Story of a Shipwrecked Sailor" noma "News of a Kidnapping" ikhombisa indlela aguqula ngayo ulwazi lwaba indaba ethakazelisayo ngaphandle kokushintsha amaqiniso.
Umsebenzi wakhe omkhulu kunayo yonke, noma ocatshangelwa ochwepheshe, yinoveli Iminyaka eyikhulu yedwaUmmeleli wenhlangano yezincwadi ezingokoqobo futhi ehunyushwe ngezilimi eziningi. I-Association of Spanish Language Academies kanye neRoyal Spanish Academy bashicilele uhlelo lokukhumbula isimo sabo njenge i-Hispanic classic enhle kakhuluKuvame ukukhunjulwa ukuthi, ngemva kokushicilelwa kwayo, incwadi Yathengisa ngokushesha ama-print run ayo okuqalaEminye imithombo ikhombisa ukuthi cishe [inani] lathengiswa ngesonto lokuqala Amakhophi angama-8.000, into engakaze ibonwe ngaphambili yokunyathelisa eLatin America.
Ibizwa ngokuthi i-apocope yayo, UGaboOmunye wababhali abahle kakhulu baseLatin America wakwenza kwacaca ukuthi wayengenaso isitayela esithile, ngoba wayehlala efuna ukuthatha izindlela ezahlukene emsebenzini ngamunye, naphezu kokufana okubonakalayo endleleni yokubhala. Waphinde wathi izikhathi eziningana ukuthi yonke imibhalo yakhe yayibhalwe ngendlela ngokusekelwe eqinisweni, okuhlanganisa nalezo ezibonisa ukukhuphuka kwezulu, imvula yezimbali eziphuzi, noma izinhlupho ezingaphezu kwemvelo.
Iqiniso eliphikisanayo elamenza wathandwa kakhulu kwakuyisimo sakhe sezepolitiki kanye nobungane ayebugcina naye Fidel CastroLobu budlelwano budale impikiswano eshisayo phakathi kwabathandayo nabagxeki, futhi bubonisa izinga lapho izincwadi zaseLatin America zihlangana khona nezinqubo zezepolitiki zalesi sifunda.
Phakathi kwemiklomelo eminingi, iningi layo yimiklomelo, ukwakhiwa kabusha kwe- indlu lapho azalelwa khona Iguqulwe yaba yimyuziyamu; imigwaqo eminingana inegama lakhe, kukhona isikhungo samasiko, futhi ngisho nemali ebhalwe phansi inesithombe sakhe. Isithombe sakhe siwuphawu lwekhono lezincwadi zaseLatin America lokuxhumana nomhlaba wonke.
- Amanoveli akhe yilawa: Isiphepho Samaqabunga; Akekho Obhalela UColonel; Ehoreni Elibi; Iminyaka Eyikhulu Yokuba Wedwa; Ikwindla KaPatriarch; Umlando Wokufa Okwabikezelwa; Uthando Ngesikhathi Sekholera; UJenene Ebunzimeni Bakhe; Ngothando Namanye Amademoni; kanye Nezinkumbulo Zezifebe Zami Ezidabukisayo.
- Ngokuphathelene nezindaba zakhe: Umngcwabo KaMama Omkhulu; Indaba Emangalisayo Nebuhlungu Ka-Eréndira Ongenacala Nogogo Wakhe Ongenanhliziyo; Amehlo Enja Eluhlaza Okwesibhakabhaka (iqoqo lezindaba zakhe zokuqala) kanye Nezindaba Eziyishumi Nambili Zokuhamba.
UJORGE MARIO PEDRO VARGAS LLOSA
(Arequipa, Mashi 28, 1936)
Ungomunye wabalobi baseLatin America—abasePeru—nabo abajabulela Ubuzwe baseSpainWahlala phakathi umthetho nezincwadiUphishekela zombili lezi ziqu. Ngaphezu kokubhala kwakhe, ahlonishwa kakhulu ngakho njengomlobi wenoveli, uyaziwa futhi umbhali wezindatshana wanamuhla.
Uvame ukugqamisa izingqikithi ezindabeni zakhe kwezepolitiki kanye nomlando Futhi nakuba zivame ukwenzeka ePeru, zinomuzwa kanye nokuhlangana kwaseYurophu, njengoba umbhali ehlale ezwekazini laseYurophu, eSpain, eGreat Britain, eSwitzerland, naseFrance. Umsebenzi wakhe, ofana nowomdlali, uqokonyiswe ngabagxeki kanye nababhali bomlando: amashejuli okubhala aqinile, cishe akukho ukuvumelana ngokuqanjwa, kanye nokubuyekezwa okujulile kwemibhalo yakhe.
Phakathi kwamanoveli akhe abaluleke kakhulu amlethela udumo kukhona Umuzi Nezinja, Indlu eluhlaza, Ingxoxo eKhathedrali, IPantaleon nezivakashi y Iphathi lembuziKule ncwadi yokugcina, ulandisa ngesimo sobuphekula ekubuseni kobushiqela kukaRafael Trujillo eDominican Republic, ehlanganisa impilo yombushiqela osekhulile kanye nenkumbulo yezisulu zakhe.
- Ngaphezu kwalabo asebevele beshiwo, amanye amanoveli akhe yilawa: U-Anti uJulia kanye noMlobi Wezincwadi; Impi Yokuphela Kwezwe; Indaba kaMayta; Ubani Owabulala uPalomino Molero?; Umlandisi Wezindaba; Ukudumisa Umama Wesibili; ULituma E-Andes; Amanothi kaDon Rigoberto; Indlela Eya EPharadesi; Ama-Pranks Entombazane Embi; Iphupho LamaCelt; Iqhawe Eliqondayo; kanye Namakhona Amahlanu.
- Izindaba zakhe: Abaphathi kanye namantshontsho.
UVargas Llosa naye wayekhona umhumushi e-UNESCO futhi wake waba ngummeli wobumongameli basePeru. Wanikezwa futhi yi- Umklomelo wePrince of Asturias Wezincwadi futhi i Umklomelo weCervantes, phakathi kwezinye izincomo eziningi eziqinisa isikhundla sakhe njengomunye wabalandisi bezindaba abakhulu olimini lwesiSpanishi.
UJORGE FRANCISCO ISIDORO LUIS BORGES ACEVEDO
(Buenos Aires, Agasti 24, 1899 - Geneva, Juni 14, 1986)
I-Borges ibhekwa njengenye yezindawo ezidumile abalobi abavelele kakhulu baseLatin America yekhulu lama-20. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umsebenzi wakhe ubonakala ngokuba Jikelele, ngezindikimba nezincazelo ezahlukahlukene, zakhiwe ngezindatshana, izindaba, izinkondlo kanye nokuhlaziywa.
Enye yezinto ezimchazayo yi- ukusungulwa kwendawo yobuhlakani okunikezwa kokubili abafundi abavamile kanye nalabo abazinikele ekufundeni ngokugxila ekufundeni nasekuphenyeni. Phakathi kwalezi zindawo ezizungezile kukhona ama-ontologies amahle kakhulu, uhlu lozalo oluhambisanayo, uhlelo lolimi lwe-utopian, izindawo eziqanjiwe, imilando eminingi yendawo yonke, izindawo ezinengqondo, ukuziphatha okulandisayo, izibalo ezicatshangelwayo, amadrama enkolo, ukusungulwa kwejiyometri, kanye nezinkumbulo ezisunguliwe.
Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi kukhona nokuba khona okukhulu ezindabeni zakhe nasemisebenzini yakhe yokubhala. kwefilosofi Lokhu kumbeka njengomcabangi omkhulu osiza umfundi ukuba abuze imibuzo ngaphandle kokuba yisazi sefilosofi esichwepheshile. Emibhalweni efana nethi "The Aleph" noma "Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius," uhlola iqiniso, ubuwena, isikhathi, kanye nokungapheli kwezincwadi.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo ukuthi uBorges waqokwa ku- Umklomelo kaNobel Ezincwadini cishe iminyaka engamashumi amathathu. Abaningi bamgxeka ngokungayitholi ngenxa yezizathu zezepolitiki; nokho, wathola uhlu olude lwemiklomelo —ngaphezu kwe-15— phakathi kwazo kukhona Umklomelo weCervantes.
Uhlukaniswa yi- ulimi “oluhle” lwezinkondlo lokho okufanele ulimi, incwadi yakhe Izinganekwane Ifakiwe ohlwini lwezincwadi eziyikhulu ezinhle kakhulu zesikhathi sonke ngokusho kweNorwegian Book Club futhi iphakathi kwezingcono kakhulu zekhulu lama-20 ngokusho kwemithombo yezindaba yamasiko ehlukahlukene yaseYurophu.
Ngemva kukaBorges, inani elikhulu labalobi baseLatin America, abanye ngisho nabantu besikhathi sakhe, bathonywa futhi basebenzisa umsebenzi wakhe. Ikhono lakhe lokuhlanganisa ulwazi nombono, kanye nokungabaza umqondo wombhali ngokusebenzisa umfanekiso "wabanye oBorges," kumenza abe indawo yokubhekisela eyimpoqo kunoma yimuphi umfundi onelukuluku.
Ngaphezu kwencwadi eshiwo ngenhla, izindaba zakhe ezimfushane zifaka phakathi Umlando Womhlaba Wonke Wokungadumi; I-Aleph; Umbiko kaBrodie; Incwadi yesihlabathi y Inkumbulo kaShakespeare.
Futhi i-repertoire yezinkondlo iqukethe I-Fervor yaseBuenos Aires; Inyanga ngaphambili; Incwadi Yamanothi YaseSan Martín; Umenzi; Omunye, okufanayo; Okwezintambo eziyisithupha; Ekudumiseni Kwethunzi; I-El oro de los tigres; I-deep rose; Uhlamvu lwensimbi; Indaba Yobusuku; Isibalo y Abakhi bozungu.
OCTAVIO IRINEO PAZ LOZANO
(Idolobha laseMexico, Mashi 31, 1914 - Ephreli 19, 1998)
U-Octavio Paz, owine umklomelo weNobel Prize wezincwadi, ungomunye wabalingisi. Ababhali baseLatin America okuye kwaba nethonya elikhulu kubabhali abahlukahlukene. Njengoba nje uBorges ayengumuntu imbongi nombhali wezindatshana, futhi uqashelwa njengomunye wezimbongi ezinkulu kakhulu ezikhuluma iSpanishi zaso sonke isikhathi.
Elinye lamaqiniso amangazayo kakhulu ukuthi wabhala isihloko sakhe sokuqala eneminyaka eyi-16, ngokusekelwe ekubuzeni ukuxhumana phakathi kwe- ukuziphatha kanye nezinkondloLokhu kwakunesihloko esithi “Izimiso Zomdwebi.” Kusukela esemncane kakhulu, wabonisa ukukhathazeka okuqhubekayo ngobudlelwano phakathi kobuhle, ukuziphatha, kanye nezombusazwe.
Ngokuphathelene nesitayela sakhe sokubhala, u-Octavio Paz uvame ukuchazwa ngokuthi ukuhlolwa ngisho kuze kufike ku ukunganelisekiLokhu kusobala emibhalweni yakhe yezinkondlo. Lokhu kumvumela ukuthi agweme ukubizwa ngokuthi imbongi ye-existentialist, neo-modernist, noma i-surrealist, njengoba ehlole zonke lezi zinyathelo ngaphandle kokugxila kunoma iyiphi. Endabeni yakhe, u-Essay ukholelwa ukuthi ungumuntu othanda izinto zangempela. ILabyrinth of Solitude Wahlaziya ubunjalo baseMexico, isibalo se-"pachuco", ifa labomdabu kanye nophawu lokunqoba njengabanye abambalwa.
Isici esivelele senkondlo yakhe yi- amavesi agcwele izithombe okuyinto abafundi abayazisayo ngobuhle bazo obukhulu. Indlela yakhe yokuhlola yamholela ekubhaleni izinkondlo zendawo azibiza ngokuthi “izinkondlo”ukucabanga ngaleli gama ngokuthi “izinkondlo eziphikisana nezinkondlo zesikhathi esivamile nezikhulumayo.” Kule misebenzi, ukuhlelwa kwesithombe sombhalo ekhasini kudlala indima ebalulekile.
Umsebenzi wakhe wezinkondlo ubanzi kakhulu: Inyanga yasendle; Akukho phutha!; Impande yomuntu; Ngaphansi Kwesithunzi Sakho Esicacile Nezinye Izinkondlo NgeSpain; Phakathi kwetshe nembali; Emaphethelweni omhlaba y Usuku lokuqala, Ngaphansi kwesithunzi sakho esicacile, Impande yomuntu, Ubusuku bokuvuka; Ngoshwele; Ukhozi noma ilanga? (ngephrozi); Imbewu yengoma; Indodakazi kaRappaccini (inkondlo ehlekisayo).
Ukulandela nge Itshe lelanga; Isizini enobudlova; Inkululeko ngaphansi kwepharoli. Imisebenzi yezinkondlo; I-Salamander; Umoya wonke; Mhlophe, ebhalwe ngamakholomu amathathu avumela ukufundwa okuhlukile; Amadiski abonakalayonoVicente Rojo; Umthambeka osempumalanga; Ama-Topoem; lunyonga, noJacques Roubaud, u-Edoardo Sanguineti noCharles Tomlinson; inkawu yohlelo lolimi (ngephrozi); Kudlule kucace; Vuelta; Abazalwa Emoyeni/Izingane ZomoyanoCharles Tomlinson; Izinkondlo (1935-1975); Isihlahla ngaphakathi; Imisebenzi Yezinkondlo (1935-1988) y Izibalo nemifanekisonoMarie José Paz.
Abanye ababhali abahle kakhulu baseLatin America
Ngaphandle kukaBolaño, uCortázar, uGarcía Márquez, uVargas Llosa, uBorges noPaz, isiko laseLatin America liziqhayisa iqoqo labalobi ababalulekile abaklame indaba, izinkondlo, kanye nendatshana yezwekazi. Iningi labo liyingxenye yenoveli edumile neyaziwa ngokuthi ngemva kweMacedoniaAbanye balindele ukuba ngokoqobo kwemilingo noma bakuyise ezindaweni ezintsha.
Pablo Neruda
Pablo Neruda ingenye ye izimbongi ezinethonya kakhulu zekhulu lama-20. Umsebenzi wakhe Izinkondlo zothando ezingamashumi amabili nengoma yokuphelelwa yithemba Ingenye yezincwadi ezithengiswa kakhulu ezibhalwe ngeSpanishi. Kuyo, uhlola uthando nobuhlungu benhliziyo ngolimi olulula, lomculo, olugcwele izithombe ezithinta imizwa.
Omunye umsebenzi obalulekile yilona Jikelele hlabelela, lapho iNeruda ibonakalisa khona i-cosmogony yabantu baseMelikaUmlando wezinkinga zomphakathi kanye nobuhle bezwekazi. Ubhekwa njengomunye wezimbongi eziguquguqukayo kakhulu, njengoba imibhalo yakhe isukela othandweni kuya emahlaya, okuhlanganisa nokugubha izinto zansuku zonke encwadini yakhe Ama-Elemental Odes. Kwakunjalo futhi inxusa kanye nomuntu obalulekile waseLatin America kwesokunxele.
Elizabeth Allende
Elizabeth Allende, umbhali waseChile ozalelwe ePeru futhi onobuzwe base-US, ungomunye waba ababhali baseLatin America abafundwa kakhulu emhlabeni wonke. Incwadi yakhe ethengiswa kakhulu Indlu Yemimoya Ithengiswe amashumi ezigidi zamakhophi. Le noveli, ehlanganisa ubuqiniso bomlingo kanye nomlando womndeni, kwaba yinto yakudala yesimanje.
Ngemva kokugumbuqelwa kombuso eChile, wahlala ekudingisweni, okokuqala eVenezuela wabe esehlala kwamanye amazwe. Inoveli yakhe Paula Yindaba yomndeni wakhe, eyabhalwa ngemuva kokugula kwendodakazi yakhe. Imisebenzi yakhe eminingi—njengethi Ezothando Nezithunzi— ziguqulwe zaba amafilimu. Indaba yazo, enethoni efinyelelekayo nethinta imizwa, ilethe izihloko ezifana nenkumbulo yomlando, ukudingiswa, ubufazi, kanye nobudlova bezepolitiki eduze kwezilaleli eziningi.
UJuan Rulfo
UJuan Rulfo, umbhali waseMexico, umbhali wesikrini nomthwebuli wezithombe, ubhekwa njengomunye wababhali bezithombe ababhali ababaluleke kakhulu bekhulu lama-20 naphezu kokushicilela imisebenzi emibili eyisisekelo yokulandisa: incwadi yezindaba ezimfushane Ithafa Elivuthayo kanye noveli UPedro Paramo.
Ukubhala kwakhe kuveza inhlanganisela iqiniso kanye nenganekwaneisenzo sawo senzeka ezindaweni zasemakhaya ngemva kweNguquko yaseMexico. Izindaba zayo zembula ubunzima bezomnotho, ubudlova, isizungu, impi, amasiko obuKristu nawomdabu, kanye nomuzwa ojulile we incithakalo engokomoyaURulfo waba nethonya elinamandla kubabhali bakamuva njengoGarcía Márquez kanye nasendabeni enkulu yaseLatin America.
Gabriela Mistral
Gabriela Mistral Wayengomunye wezimbongi ezinkulu zaseLatin America. Wazalelwa emndenini othobekile, waqala ukusebenza njengothisha futhi wathola isiteketiso esithi “Uthisha waseMelika"Ngenxa yokuzinikela kwakhe emfundweni nasebuntwaneni. Izinkondlo zakhe zigcwele izinto zasemakhaya, ngesikhathi lapho abalobi abaningi begxile emadolobheni amakhulu."
Umsebenzi wakhe wezinkondlo uphathelene nezihloko ezifana nokuthi uthando, lo ukufa futhi i ukubelethaWayesebenzisa isitayela esivamile nesingenasizotha, ayesithanda kakhulu kunesisemthethweni kakhulu. Phakathi kwezincwadi zakhe eziphawulekayo kukhona Incithakalo, Ubumnene y TalaWayengummeli oqinile wobunye bamasiko aseLatin America futhi usalokhu eyinkomba ebalulekile yezinkondlo ezibhalwe ngabesifazane kuleli zwekazi.
UMiguel Angel Asturias
UMiguel Angel Asturias, waseGuatemala, ungomunye wemikhulu amaphayona eqiniso elimangalisayoEsemusha waya eParis, lapho aba nesithakazelo esijulile khona kumasiko amaMaya futhi wawahumushela olimini lwesiSpanishi. Popol VuhIncwadi engcwele yamaMaya. Kanye nababhali abanjengo-Alejo Carpentier, wachaza kabusha igama elithi "iqiniso elimangalisayo" ukuze alisebenzise ohlotsheni oluthile lwezincwadi zaseLatin America.
Inoveli yakhe Amadoda ommbila Ilandisa ngokungezwani phakathi kwezwe lendabuko kanye nezwe lamaLadino, futhi ibhekwa njengokuvikela isiko lamaMaya ngenkondlo. Omunye wemisebenzi yakhe edumile kakhulu uthi Mnuelandisa ngokusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla kuhulumeni wobushiqela waseLatin America. Sekukonke, umsebenzi wakhe uhlanganisa inganekwane, ukuphawula komphakathi, kanye nokuhlola okusemthethweni.
Carlos Fuentes
Carlos Fuentes kwakuyinto eyodwa ababhali bezincwadi baseMexico abadumile kakhulu yekhulu lama-20. Imisebenzi yakhe, efana nethi Isifunda esobala kakhulu y Ukufa kuka-Artemio CruzKudingeka bafunde ukuze baqonde umlando kanye nobunzima bezenhlalo baseMexico.
Amanoveli akhe agcwele izinkomba zamasiko okuvumela umfundi ukuthi azicwilise emasikweni aseMexico naseLatin America: kusukela eNguquko kuya ekuguqulweni kwedolobha laseMexico City. Yena, kanye noGarcía Márquez, uVargas Llosa, noCortázar, ungomunye wababhali abadumile. amagama amakhulu e-boomWayengumbhali wezindatshana kanye nesazi sezombusazwe.
Abanye ababhali abadumile bakudala
Uhlu lwababhali abakhulu baseLatin America lukhulu kakhulu. Amanye amagama abalulekile andisa ububanzi yilawa:
- U-Leopoldo Marechal (Argentina): umbhali wencwadi ethi U-Adam BuenosayresUmsebenzi wesimanje nowakudala ohlanganisa i-metaphysics, amahlaya, kanye ne-autobiography, obhekwa njengomsebenzi obalulekile. i-antinovela ngenxa yesakhiwo sayo kanye nokufunda okuphindwe kabili.
- UJosé Lezama Lima (Cuba): ummeleli oyinhloko we I-American Neo-Baroque. Inoveli yakhe Paradiso kanye nezindatshana ezifana Inkulumo yaseMelika Bezilokhu zibalulekile ekuqondeni ubuhle beBaroque esifundeni.
- UJose Donoso (eChile): emisebenzini efana nethi Indawo engenamingcele y Inyoni yasebusuku Ihlole ubulili, ukubandlululwa, kanye nokungezwani kwezigaba ngesimo esiphazamisayo.
- U-Ernesto Sábato (Argentina): isazi sesayensi, umdwebi nombhali, owaziwayo Mayelana namaqhawe namathuna y Umhubhe; wagxila osizini lokuphila, umuzwa wecala, kanye nodlame lwezepolitiki.
- URómulo Gallegos (Venezuela): ngamanoveli afana nalawa UDona Barbara y I-Canaima wavula lokho okubizwa ngokuthi "Amanoveli ezwe"lapho imvelo kanye nomuntu wasethafeni waseVenezuela beba ngabalingiswa abaphambili abangokomfanekiso.
- U-Augusto Roa Bastos (eParaguay): umbhali wencwadi ethi Yo El Supremo, inoveli eyakha kabusha isibalo sikamashiqela uJosé Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia futhi ikhombisa ngolimi lwamandla.
- UJuan Carlos Onetti (Uruguay): isandulela se- inoveli yesimanje neyomuntu okholelwa ekubeni khona eRío de la Plata. Idolobha lakhe eliyinganekwane, iSanta María, liyindawo lapho kwatholakala khona amanoveli amaningi nezindaba ezimfushane eziphawulwa ukudumazeka.
- Jorge Icaza (Ecuador): nge Huasipungo Waba ngomunye wabameleli abaphambili be- i-indigenism eMelika.
Abalobi Abesifazane Ababalulekile BaseLatin America
Iminyaka eminingi, uhlu lwezincwadi zaseLatin America lwalubuswa ngamagama abesilisa. Kodwa-ke, umlando wezincwadi zethu awunakuqondakala ngaphandle amazwi abalobi, okwanikeza imibono emisha ngobulili, amandla, umzimba, ubumama kanye nokumelana.
Sr. Juana Inés de la Cruz
Sr. Juana Inés de la Cruz Ungomunye wabantu abathakazelisa kakhulu ezincwadini zeSpanishi. Njengomsikazi, owesifazane ozifundise yena, imbongi, umbhali wemidlalo, kanye nomcabangi, wayephambili kunesikhathi sakhe ekuvikeleni ilungelo labesifazane lolwaziEmibhalweni efana ne- Phendula kuDade Philothea Uveze ukuvikela imfundo yabesifazane osekuqashelwa njengesiqalo sobufeministi baseLatin America.
Phakathi kwemisebenzi yakhe evelele kakhulu kukhona Iphupho lokuqala, inkondlo ende yefilosofi; I-Narcissus yaphezulu futhi abaningi izinkondlo nama-sonnet unothando futhi unenkolo, lapho ehlanganisa khona ulwazi lwemfundo, ubuhlakani kanye nokuzwela okujulile.
U-Alfonsina Storni
U-Alfonsina Storni Wayengomunye wezimbongi ezinkulu zaseLatin America. Waduma ngezinkondlo ezifana nalezi: "Ungifuna ngibe mhlophe"lapho kubuzwa khona ukuthi indinganiso ephindwe kabili yobukhokho okudinga ubumsulwa kwabesifazane ngenkathi kukhululwa amadoda. Wayengumbhali wemidlalo yeshashalazi kanye nentatheli, futhi waphikisana nezimiso zomphakathi zesikhathi sakhe njengomama ongayedwa.
Phakathi kwemisebenzi yakhe evelele kakhulu kukhona Izinkondlo Zothando, Amakhadi amahlanu kanye negwinya y Ukungahlaliseki kwe-rose roseIzwi lakhe, elinobungane kanye nelokulwa, liyaqhubeka lifundwa njengenye yezindlela ezinhle zokukhuluma uthando lwabesifazane nokuvukela.
Elena Poniatowski
Elena Poniatowski, ongowaseFrance nowaseMexico, uzimise njengomunye walabo ababhali bezindaba ababaluleke kakhulu evela eLatin America. Izincwadi zakhe zihlanganisa ubuntatheli, ubufakazi, kanye nezincwadi ukuze zinikeze izwi emikhakheni ethandwayo, abesifazane, abafundi, kanye nezisulu zodlame lukahulumeni.
Umsebenzi wakhe Ubusuku be-Tlatelolco Kuwubufakazi obuyisisekelo mayelana nokubulawa kwabafundi eMexico City. Eminye imisebenzi ephawulekayo ihlanganisa Ngize ngikubone Jesu wami, Diego othandekayo, uQuiela ukuthumelela uthando lwakhe. y I-TinísimaNgaphezu kwalokho, ube ngumuntu onethonya elikhulu ekugxekweni kwamasiko nasekuvikeleni amalungelo abantu.
Abalobi beLatin America banamuhla benkulungwane entsha yeminyaka
Izincwadi zanamuhla zaseLatin America zibonakaliswa yi- ukuhlukahluka kwamazwiUkuxuba izinhlobo kanye nokugxila kakhulu ezindikimbeni ezifana nenkumbulo yomlando, ubudlova, ukufuduka, ubufazi, ubunikazi bobulili, kanye nokuguqulwa kwedolobha kuyisici salo mnyakazo. Ababhali benkulungwane entsha baxhumana nezincwadi zakudala, kodwa futhi basuka kumaphrojekthi amakhulu, ahlanganisa konke e-Boom ukuze bahlole... izindaba ezithinta inhliziyo kakhulu kanye namaqiniso endawo aqondile kakhulu.
U-Alejandro Zambra (eChile)
U-Alejandro Zambra Ungomunye wababhali bezinganekwane nababongi abavelele baseChile besikhathi sethu. Umsebenzi wakhe ugxile ezindikimbeni ezifana... inkumbulo, lo umndeni futhi i Identityngesitayela sokubhala esibonakala silula kodwa sicebile ngemibhalo engezansi. Izincwadi zakhe eziningi zimfushane, kodwa zifinyelela ukufiphala okukhulu ngokomzwelo.
Isebenza njenge Bonsai, Impilo yangasese yezihlahla, Izindlela zokuya ekhaya, Ukukhetha Okuningi y Imbongi yaseChile Bahlola indlela umlando wezepolitiki waseChile (ikakhulukazi umbuso wobushiqela) ongena ngayo empilweni yangasese yabalingiswa babo. Isitayela sabo esiqondile, esigcwele amahlaya angabonakali, samukelwe kahle emhlabeni wonke futhi sahunyushelwa ezilimini eziningi.
UMariana Enríquez (e-Argentina)
UMariana Enriquez ingenye yezwi elinamandla kakhulu Ubuphekula banamuhla baseLatin AmericaNjengentatheli nombhali, usebenzisa izinto ezingaphezu kwemvelo nezisabekayo ukuze akhulume ngazo i-violencia de género, ubumpofu, ubushiqela kanye nokulimala kwabantu abaningi e-Argentina.
Izincwadi ezifana Izingozi zokubhema embhedeni, Izinto esizilahle emlilweni kanye nenoveli enkulu Ingxenye yethu ebusuku Zembula umhlaba omnyama nowezombusazwe, lapho izipoki zihlala khona nabantu abanyamalala, amahlelo, kanye nezindawo zokuhlala ezihlwempu. Umsebenzi wazo ubonisa ukuthi ukwesaba kungaba yinto esabekayo indlela enelungelo lokukhuluma ngezinkinga zomphakathi.
U-Juan Gabriel Vásquez (Colombia)
UJuan Gabriel Vasquez Ungomunye wababhali abadumile baseColombia besizukulwane esisha. Amanoveli akhe akhuluma ngo- umlando wakamuva waseColombia, ikakhulukazi umthelela wokushushumbiswa kwezidakamizwa, ubudlova bezepolitiki kanye nokubulawa kwabantu empilweni yangasese.
Isebenza njenge Umsindo wezinto lapho ziwa, Ukuma kwamanxiwa, I-boot camp, Idumela noma iqoqo lezindaba Izingoma zomlilo Zihlanganisa ucwaningo lomlando, inganekwane, kanye nokuzindla okujulile nge- inkumbulo kanye nomuzwa wecalaIphrozi yakhe inengqondo futhi inengqondo, ilandela ngokwengxenye isiko laseYurophu, kodwa isekelwe eqinisweni laseLatin America.
UValeria Luiselli (waseMexico)
UValeria luiselli Ungumbhali wezincwadi waseMexico nombhali wezindatshana oye wathola ukuqashelwa emhlabeni wonke ngenxa yakhe ukubhala okulingayo kanye nokuzibophezela kwakhe kwezepolitiki. Uhlala phakathi kweMexico ne-United States, futhi umsebenzi wakhe ukhuluma ngezihloko ezifana nalezi: ukufuduka, the izingane ezixoshiwe futhi i Udlame emngceleni.
Phakathi kwezincwadi zakhe kukhona: Ezingenasisindo, Indaba yamazinyo ami, Ingane elahlekile y Ugwadule oluzwakalayoKuzo, uhlanganisa indatshana, umlando, inoveli, kanye nokuzindla ngempilo yakhe, ebuza imingcele phakathi kwenganekwane kanye neqiniso. Imibhalo yakhe ichazwa ngokufaka ukuthula, izikhala kanye nokungabi nalutho okumele umfundi akuqede, okudala ulwazi lokufunda olusebenzayo nolubandakanyayo.
Amanye amagama anamuhla
Uhlu lwababhali bamanje lukhulu futhi lushintsha njalo, kodwa amanye amagama aphindaphindayo kumaqoqo kanye nokukhetha "okungcono kakhulu kwenkulungwane yeminyaka" yilawa:
- IGuadalupe Nettel (eMexico): umbhali wamanoveli nezindaba ezimfushane ezihlola ukungavamile kwansuku zonke, umzimba kanye nobudlelwano bomndeni. Uphinde wasebenza njengomqondisi we-University of Mexico Magazine.
- UValeria luiselli (okukhulunywe ngakho kakade): umuntu obalulekile ezincwadini zokufuduka kanye nasekuvuselelweni kwenoveli ekhuluma ngezindaba.
- UJuan Villoro (eMexico): umlandisi, umlobi wezindaba kanye nombhali wezindatshana, owaziwa ngekhono lakhe lokudlala ibhola laseMexico, idolobha kanye nempilo yamasiko ngokuhlekisa nangokucacile.
- Nokuthula Mbhele placeholder image (Colombia-Mexico): umbhali wezincwadi ezichaza impilo yomuntu siqu neziphikisanayo ezifana nokuthi Intombi yabashayingokubuka iMedellín ngobudlova, ubudlova, kanye nokuziphatha kwasemadolobheni.
- I-Alvaro Enrigue (eMexico): umbhali wenoveli nombhali wezincwadi oncwadi yakhe Ukufa okungazelelwe Iye yadunyiswa kakhulu ngokuhlanganiswa kwayo komlando, ubuciko kanye namahlaya.
Abalobi baseLatin American ngokuthandana
Izingcaphuno ezilandelayo zifingqa ezinye zezinto ezikhathazayo kakhulu ezincwadini zaseLatin America: ukufuduka, lo Utopia, lo inkumbulo, lo Ubuzwe futhi i ukusinda ezimweni ezimbi.
- "Ngafunda kusenesikhathi ukuthi uma uthuthela kwelinye izwe ulahlekelwa yizinduku zokuzibopha ezikusekele kuze kube yileso sikhathi; kufanele uqale phansi, ngoba okwedlule kuyaphela ngokushesha, futhi akekho osakhathalela ukuthi uvelaphi noma ukuthi wenzeni ngaphambili."Elizabeth Allende.
- "I-Utopia iseduze. Ngihamba izinyathelo ezimbili, ihamba izinyathelo ezimbili, bese kuthi i-horizon iqhubekele phambili ngezinyathelo eziyishumi. Ngakho-ke iyini inhloso ye-utopia? Yileyo inhloso yayo: ukusigcina sihamba."Eduardo cabas.
- "Ungakholwa yilokho abakutshela kona ngomhlaba (ngisho nalokho engikutshela khona manje). Sengikutshelile kakade ukuthi umhlaba awunakubalwa."UMario Benedetti.
- "Ukuba nakho gustavo Kuyisipho okumele siphinde sinikezwe ngezikhathi ezithile.Gabriela Mistral.
- "Angikaze ngiyeke ukukhiqiza, futhi akusikho ngenxa yezizathu zobuhle noma ngoba ngingumuntu othanda ukusebenza kakhulu uma kukhulunywa ngobuciko. Ngiyakuzonda ukusebenza. Kumayelana nokusinda. Ukugula kuleli lizwe kuyabiza kakhulu. Kodwa futhi, ngaphandle kwedrama, ngokuhlekisa kancane, ngijika ummese ngiqhubeke nokuhamba."Pedro Lemebel.
Ukubheka iqoqo lamagama, imisebenzi, kanye namazwi akha izincwadi zaseLatin America kusenza siqonde ukuthi akekho "umbhali obaluleke kakhulu" oyedwa noma isikole esisodwa esivelele: kukhona imisinga ehlanganayoImibhalo ephikisanayo kanye nezizukulwane ezifundana futhi zilungisana. Lokhu kungezwani okuqhubekayo phakathi kwesiko kanye nokusungula izinto ezintsha yikho kanye okwenza lokhu Ababhali baseLatin America umngane ongapheli wanoma yimuphi umfundi.