Uma ubuchopho bungasakwazi ukuthola amagama athi , ukuba nengxoxo elula, uku-oda okuthile esitolo, noma ukuthi "Ngiyakuthanda" kungaba yinselele yangempela. Lokhu kukhubazeka kolimi, okuhlala kubangelwa ukulimala kobuchopho, kwaziwa ngokuthi i-aphasia. Akuyona nje indaba "yokungabi nalutho": kuyisifo esiyinkimbinkimbi esingashintsha ngokuphelele indlela umuntu axhumana ngayo nomhlaba.
Inkulumo ethi “aphasia: lapho ubuchopho bungakwazi ukuthola amagama” ichaza kahle lokho abantu abaningi abathintekile abakuzwayo: bayazi ukuthi bafuna ukuthini, bayabubona ubuso bomuntu ophambi kwabo, kodwa amagama awaphumi, aphuma ephambene, noma lokho abakuzwayo kuzwakala njengolimi lwangaphandle. Ukuqonda ukuthi kuyini, kungani kwenzeka, nokuthi kwelashwa kanjani kubalulekile ekusekeleni kangcono labo abahlushwa yilokhu kanye nokunqoba ukwesaba okuzungeze ukuxilongwa, nakuba kwesabisa, akusho ukulahlekelwa ukuhlakanipha noma ubuntu bomuntu.
Kuyini i-aphasia futhi kungani kungesona isifo ngokwaso?
I-Aphasia yisifo solimi esitholakalayo esenzeka lapho izindawo ezithile zobuchopho ezibangela ukuqonda nokukhiqiza ulimi olukhulunywayo nolubhaliwe zonakele. Akusona isifo ngokwaso, kodwa kunalokho uphawu lwenkinga yezinzwa eyisisekelo (njengokushaywa unhlangothi, ukulimala kobuchopho okubuhlungu, isimila, noma i-dementia).
Lesi sifo singathinta amakhono ahlukahlukene : ukukhuluma, ukuqonda okuzwiwayo, ukufunda, ukubhala, ukuphinda amagama, ukubiza izinto ngamagama, ukwakha imisho efanele ngokohlelo lolimi, noma ngemva kwengxoxo. Kwabanye abantu, inkinga iwukuveza imizwa yabo; kwabanye, ngokuqonda; futhi ezimweni eziningi, zombili lezi zinkinga ziyahlanganiswa.
Kubalulekile ukucacisa ukuthi i-aphasia ayihlobene nokuhlakanipha . Umuntu uhlala efana, ngezinkumbulo zakhe, ubuntu bakhe, nendlela yakhe yokucabanga, kodwa "uhlelo lwentambo" olumvumela ukuthi aguqule imibono ibe ngamazwi, namagama abe imibono, luye lwaphazamiseka. Yingakho abantu abaningi abane-aphasia bekhungatheka: bayaqonda okwenzekayo futhi bayabona amaphutha abo, kodwa abasakwazi ukuwalawula njengakuqala.
Ezingeni lobuchopho, ulimi luncike kakhulu engxenyeni engakwesobunxele , futhi ukuqonda indlela ubuchopho obucubungula ngayo ulimi kusiza ukuchaza ukuthi kungani izilonda zenzeka kulezi zindawo, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezimbili ezinkulu: indawo kaBroca (engxenyeni engaphambili), ehlobene nokukhiqizwa kwenkulumo nokubhala, kanye nendawo kaWernicke (engxenyeni engezansi), okuyisihluthulelo sokuqonda lokho esikuzwayo noma esikufundayo. Lapho inxeba lithinta lezi zindawo noma amanethiwekhi azixhumanisayo, i-aphasia iyakhula.
Ubani ongathinteka yi-aphasia futhi kwenzeka kangaki?
Noma ubani, kungakhathaliseki ubudala, angaba ne-aphasia uma elimele ezindaweni zolimi zobuchopho. Kodwa-ke, kuvame kakhulu kubantu abaseminyakeni ephakathi kanye nabadala, ngoba imbangela eyinhloko ivame ukuba yi-stroke.
E-United States, kulinganiselwa ukuthi cishe abantu abayizigidi ezimbili baphila ne-aphasia , ngokusho kwedatha evela kwi-National Aphasia Association. ESpain, izibalo zibonisa ukuthi abantu abangaphezu kuka-350.000 bahlushwa yilesi sifo solimi, esihlobene kakhulu nokwanda kwesifo sohlangothi kubantu abadala.
Unyaka ngamunye, kuqoshwa imivimbo engaphezu kuka-120.000 eSpain , enye yezimbangela eziphambili zokukhubazeka okutholakala lapho umuntu ekhula. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi phakathi kuka-20% no-30% wabasindile ku-stroke babhekana nezinga elithile le-aphasia, kusukela ezinhlotsheni ezincane kakhulu ezibonakala kuphela ezingxoxweni eziyinkimbinkimbi kuya ekuphazamisekeni okukhulu okucishe kukhawulele ngokuphelele ukuxhumana.
I-Aphasia ayitholakali kubantu abadala kuphela . Ingavela nakubantu abadala abasebasha ngemva kokulimala kobuchopho okubuhlungu (izingozi zethrafikhi, ukuwa, ukulimala kwezemidlalo), izimila zobuchopho, izifo zesimiso sezinzwa, noma izifo ezingavamile zokuwohloka kwemizwa. Ngisho nezingane zingahlushwa yilokhu uma zinezimo ezithile zokulimala kobuchopho, yize ebuntwaneni kuvame kakhulu ukukhuluma ngezinkinga zokukhula kolimi.
Uma kukhulunywa nge-dementia (njengesifo i-Alzheimer's, i-frontotemporal dementia, i-vascular dementia, noma i-Lewy body dementia), i-aphasia ingakhula kancane kancane. Ngezinye izikhathi ubunzima bolimi bubonakala kakhulu ekuqaleni kangangokuthi sibubiza ngokuthi i-primary progressive aphasia: inkinga eyinhloko, okwesikhashana, ukukhuluma nokuqonda, ngaphambi kokuba ezinye izinkinga zenkumbulo, zokuziphatha, noma zokunyakaza zibonakale.
Izimbangela eziyinhloko ze-aphasia: kwenzekani ebuchosheni
Imbangela enkulu ye-aphasia ihlala iwukulimala kwenye indawo noma ngaphezulu yobuchopho ehilelekile olimini. Lokhu kulimala kungavela ngokuzumayo noma kukhule kancane kancane, futhi inkambo yokuphazamiseka izohluka kuye ngembangela.
1. Izingozi zemithambo yegazi (uhlangothi noma “ukuhlaselwa ubuchopho”)
Isifo sohlangothi yisona esivame kakhulu ukubangela i-aphasia. Isifo sohlangothi senzeka lapho ukugeleza kwegazi engxenyeni yobuchopho kuphazamiseka (ngokuvinjwa kwe-clot evimba umthambo noma ngokuqhekeka komthambo wegazi), okunciphisa ama-neurons kuleyo ndawo umoya-mpilo nezakhamzimba. Uma indawo ethintekile kuyiyo ecubungula ulimi, i-aphasia iyakhula.
Kwezinye izimo, ukuphazamiseka kokugeleza kwegazi kungokwesikhashana nje . Lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi ukuhlaselwa kwe-ischemic okuhamba kancane (i-TIA) noma "i-mini-stroke." Amahora noma izinsuku, kungase kube nobunzima bokukhuluma noma ukuqonda, kodwa ngokuvamile akukho monakalo ohlala njalo osele. Noma kunjalo, kuyisibonakaliso esiyisixwayiso esidinga ukubuyekezwa okusheshayo kwezinto eziyingozi zemithambo yegazi.
2. Ukulimala kobuchopho okubuhlungu
Ukushaywa okukhulu ekhanda, izingozi zomgwaqo, ukuwa kusuka phezulu, noma ukulimala kwezemidlalo kungalimaza ngqo izicubu zobuchopho noma kubangele ukopha kwangaphakathi. Uma amanethiwekhi ezinzwa abangela ulimi onakele, izinhlobo ezahlukene ze-aphasia zingavela, ngezinye izikhathi zihlanganiswe nezinye izifo ezifana ne-apraxia yokukhuluma (ubunzima bokuhlela ukunyakaza kwenkulumo) noma i-dysarthria (inkinga yemisipha yokuveza imisindo).
3. Izimila zobuchopho kanye nokuhlinzwa
Izimila ezikhula engxenyeni engakwesobunxele, noma ezindaweni eziseduze nezindawo zikaBroca kanye nezindawo zikaWernicke, zingalimaza kancane kancane ikhono lokukhuluma, ukuqonda, ukufunda, noma ukubhala. Kwezinye izimo, i-aphasia ivela ngokuzumayo ngemva kokuhlinzwa okudingekayo ukuze kususwe isimila noma kwelashwe izinkinga.
4. Ukutheleleka kobuchopho kanye nokuvuvukala
Ezinye izinhlobo ze-encephalitis noma izifo zesimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko zingavusa futhi zilimaze izindawo ze-cortical ezibalulekile olimini. Kuye ngobukhulu nendawo yokuvuvukala, i-aphasia izoba nzima kakhulu futhi ingase ihambisane nezinye izimpawu zezinzwa (ukuquleka, izinguquko zokuziphatha, ukuqonda okushintshile).
5. Izifo eziwohlokayo ze-neurogenerative kanye ne-dementia
Ezifweni ezifana ne-Alzheimer's noma i-frontotemporal dementia, ama-neurons ayawohloka kancane kancane. Uma lokhu konakala kuthinta amanethiwekhi olimi, kuvela izinkinga ngokuthola amagama, ukwakha imisho, ukuqonda izingxoxo, ukufunda, noma ukubhala. Ku-aphasia eqhubekayo eyinhloko, lokhu kukhubazeka kolimi kuyimpawu ebalulekile iminyaka eminingana.
Izimpawu ze-aphasia: lapho ulimi luwohloka
Indlela ethile lapho i-aphasia ibonakala ngayo incike endaweni ethintekile kanye nobukhulu bomonakalo. Akuwona wonke umuntu obhekana nezimpawu ezifanayo, noma ngamandla afanayo. Kodwa-ke, kunezinkinga eziningi ezivamile ezingasiza ekutholeni inkinga.
Phakathi kwezinguquko ezivame kakhulu olimini olukhulunywayo kukhona: imisho emifushane kakhulu noma engaphelele, izinguquko ekuhleleni kwamagama, amaphutha ohlelo lolimi, ukusetshenziswa kwamagama ajwayelekile (“it,” “thing”) esikhundleni samagama athile, ukufaka amagama esikhundleni samanye azwakala afana noma angahlobene, noma ngisho namagama asunguliwe. Ngezinye izikhathi inkulumo izwakala kahle kodwa ingaqondakali, kanti ngezinye izikhathi ambalwa amagama aphuma ngomzamo omkhulu.
Ekuqondeni ulimi , abanye abantu abane-aphasia banenkinga yokuqonda imisho eyinkimbinkimbi, ukulandela uchungechunge lwemiyalelo, noma ukugcina ukunaka ezingxoxweni ezinde, ikakhulukazi uma kunomsindo wangemuva noma uma abantu bekhuluma ngokushesha kakhulu. Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, ngisho nemiyalezo elula (“vula umnyango,” “thatha isipuni”) ingase ingaqondakali.
Ukufunda nokubhala nakho kuvame ukuthinteka . Kungase kuvele ubunzima ekuqondeni okufundwayo, ekuqondeni okuqukethwe umbhalo, ekubhaleni amagama aphelele noma imisho enenjongo, ngisho nasekukopisheni ngendlela efanele. Lezi zinkinga azichazwa yizinkinga zokubona noma zemisipha emihle, kodwa ukuphazamiseka kwezinqubo zolimi.
Kwezinye izimo, kukhona ezinye izinkinga zokuqonda , njengezinkinga zokubona ubuso noma izinto (i-agnosia), ukwenza ukulandelana kokunyakaza okufundiwe (i-apraxia), noma ukuhlela nokuhlela izenzo (ukukhubazeka kokusebenza okuphezulu). Konke lokhu kuthinta ukuzimela kwansuku zonke kanye nekhono lokuxhumana nendawo ezungezile.
Ezingeni lemizwa, i-aphasia ingaba yinto ebuhlungu kakhulu . Abantu abaningi bazizwa benamahloni, bekhungathekile, bedangele, noma bethukuthele lapho beqaphela ukuthi abasakwazi ukuziveza njengakuqala noma ukuthi abanye ababaqondi. Abanye bazihlukanisa ukuze bagweme izimo ezingakhululekile. Ngakho-ke, ukwesekwa kwengqondo kanye nesimo sengqondo salabo abaseduze nabo kubaluleke njengokuvuselelwa kolimi uqobo.
Izinhlobo ze-aphasia: ezibushelelezi, ezingacacile, nezinye izinhlobo zezokwelapha
Ukuze kuqondwe kangcono i-aphasia, ivame ukuhlukaniswa ngezinhlobo eziningana , ikakhulukazi uma imbangela yayo iwukushaywa yisifo sohlangothi noma omunye umonakalo ongaqhubeki. Ngokwesiko, zihlukaniswa zibe yi-aphasia "eshelelayo" (inkulumo ivame kakhulu kodwa ayisebenzi kahle) kanye ne-aphasia "eshelelayo" (amagama ambalwa nomzamo omkhulu), ngezinhlobo ezaziwayo ezifana ne-Broca's aphasia noma i-Wernicke's aphasia.
I-Broca's aphasia (engakhulumi kahle noma evezayo)
Kuhlotshaniswa nezilonda engxenyeni engaphambili yesobunxele. Umuntu uqonda kahle lokho okushiwo kuye, kodwa unenkinga enkulu yokuveza inkulumo. Imisho yabo imfushane, ayihlangani, inezikhathi eziningi zokuphumula kanye nokweqa amagama amancane (izindatshana, izandiso, izenzo ezisizayo). Bangase bathi, isibonelo, “inja ehambahambayo” okusho ukuthi “Ngizohamba nenja” noma “ukubhuka itafula lesibili” okusho ukuthi “kunezincwadi ezimbili etafuleni.”
Ku-Broca's aphasia, ukuqonda kuvame ukulondolozwa kangcono kunokuveza, nakuba kungaphelele, futhi ukufunda nokubhala nakho kuyathinteka. Umuntu uyazi kahle amaphutha akhe, okwandisa ukukhungatheka. Akuvamile ukuthi ubuthakathaka noma ukukhubazeka kubonakale ohlangothini lwesokudla lomzimba, njengoba i-lobe yangaphambili ilawula nokunyakaza ngokuzithandela kwengalo nemilenze yesokudla.
I-Wernicke's aphasia (ekhuluma kahle noma esabela kahle)
Kulesi simo, umonakalo utholakala engxenyeni yesobunxele yesikhashana. Umuntu ukhuluma kahle, ngesivinini esihle, futhi ngaphandle komzamo obonakalayo, kodwa imisho yakhe ivame ukungezwani: ifaka amagama angadingekile, aqanjiwe, noma abekwe endaweni engafanele, okwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuwalandela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, banenkinga yokuqonda okushiwo kubo, okubhalelwe bona, noma ngisho nolimi lwezandla.
Umuntu one-Wernicke's aphasia uvame ukungazi ngamaphutha akhe . Angase aveze imisho efana nokuthi "inyanga isendlini, kodwa inja ayazi" ngaphandle kokubona ukuthi umyalezo awuqondakali. Lokhu kuntuleka kokuqonda kwenza kube nzima ukuvuselelwa futhi kungaholela ekungezwani kahle nabanye, ababona inkulumo njengento ecacile kodwa engenancazelo.
I-aphasia yomhlaba wonke
Luhlobo olubi kakhulu lwe-aphasia engathuthuki. Luvela lapho izindawo ezinkulu zezikhungo zolimi zobuchopho zonakele. Umuntu unekhono elilinganiselwe kakhulu lokuqonda nokukhiqiza ulimi: ngezinye izikhathi angabiza amagama ambalwa noma ama-syllable, noma aphinde isethi yezinkulumo ezilinganiselwe kakhulu, ngokuvamile ezingahlobene nalokho afuna ukukusho.
Ku-aphasia yomhlaba wonke, ukuqonda amagama alula nemishwana, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kuyakhulunywa, kubhaliwe, noma kusayinwe, nakho kuyalahleka kakhulu . Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kobunzima kwenza ukuxhumana kube yinselele enkulu futhi kuvame ukuhambisana nokunye ukukhubazeka okukhulu kwezinzwa.
I-aphasia yokuqhuba
Lokhu kubhekwa njenge-aphasia elinganiselayo. Umuntu angakhuluma ngokushelela futhi aqonde kahle, kodwa unobunzima obukhulu bokuphinda amagama nemisho, ngisho naleyo elula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kungase kube namaphutha lapho ezama ukuthola amagama athile noma ukwakha imisho eyinkimbinkimbi.
I-Anomic aphasia
Lolu olunye lwezinhlobo ezivame kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ezigabeni zokuqala zesifo sokulahlekelwa yingqondo kanye nasezifweni ezilandelanayo zesifo sohlangothi esithambile. Uphawu oluyinhloko ubunzima bokuthola igama elifanele, ikakhulukazi amagama ezinto, izenzo, noma abantu. Umuntu ukhuluma kahle futhi ukuqonda kwakhe kuhle, kodwa "uyabhajwa" bese esebenzisa izindlela ezivamile, izincazelo, noma amagama ajwayelekile.
Isibonelo esivamile ku-anomic aphasia singasho ukuthi “leso silwane esikhonkothayo” esikhundleni sokuthi “inja” noma “leyo nto yokusika isinkwa” esikhundleni sokuthi “ummese.” Lo muzwa wokuba negama elithi “esihlokweni solimi lwakho” uyakhathaza kakhulu futhi ungaholela ekuzihlukaniseni nabantu.
Ezinye izinhlobo ezincane kanye ne-aphasia eqhubekayo eyinhloko
Ngaphezu kwalokhu okungenhla, kukhona ama-aphasia ahamba nge-cortical (ukunyakaza, ukuzwa, noma okuxubile), ama-aphasia athambile kakhulu noma afihlekile, kanye nokwethulwa okuxubile okungafaneleki kahle esigabeni esisodwa. Ezinhlotsheni eziqhubekayo, njenge-dementias, kusetshenziswa amagama ahlukene okuxilonga, kanti i-aphasia eqhubekayo eyinhloko ibaluleke kakhulu. Kulesi simo, ukukhubazeka kolimi kuyisibonakaliso sokuqala esiphawulekayo futhi siya siba sibi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, okuholela kumaphrofayili ahlukene kuye ngezindawo zobuchopho ezithinteke kakhulu.
I-Aphasia kwisifo se-Alzheimer kanye nezinye izifo zomqondo
Esifweni i-Alzheimer's, i-aphasia ivame ukuqala kancane , ivame ukuvezwa njengenkulumo engaqondile: ubunzima bokuthola igama elifanele, ukuphumula njalo enkulumweni, ukusetshenziswa kwamagama angacacile, kanye nezincazelo ezingacacile. Ekuqaleni, kungase kuphazanyiswe nokukhohlwa okuvamile okuhlobene nobudala, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kuyacaca ukuthi ulimi lulahlekelwa ukuceba kanye nokukhuluma kahle.
Njengoba lesi sifo siqhubeka , ukwakha imisho ephelele ngohlelo lolimi olufanele kuba nzima kakhulu. Imisho iba lula, imibono iyaphindwa, imininingwane iyalahleka, futhi kuba nzima ukulandela indaba. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuqonda kungaphazamiseka, ikakhulukazi ngemiyalezo emide, izincazelo eziyinkimbinkimbi, noma izingxoxo ezisheshayo nabantu abaningi.
Ezigabeni eziphakathi nezithuthukile zesifo i-Alzheimer's , abantu bangase babe nobunzima obukhulu kokubili ukuziveza nokuqonda okushiwo kubo, okuholela ekungaqondani, ekukhungathekeni, nasekuzihlukaniseni. Ukuxhumana kuncike kakhulu ekuxhumaneni okungenazwi ( ulimi lomzimba ) (ukuxhumana ngamehlo, ukushukuma komzimba, ithoni yezwi, ukuthinta ngokomzimba) kanye nemikhuba ejwayelekile.
I-Frontotemporal dementias, ikakhulukazi i-primary progressive aphasia , ibonisa amaphethini ahlukene kancane: ingase ibonakale ngokuphazamiseka kohlelo lolimi okukhulu, ubunzima obuphawulekayo bokuqonda amagama athile, noma izinkinga ezinkulu zokukhuluma kahle ezinenkumbulo enhle ekuqaleni. Kuzo zonke izimo, ukuqhubeka kancane kancane, futhi ukwelashwa kugxile ekugcineni amakhono olimi isikhathi eside ngangokunokwenzeka nokusekela umnakekeli.
Ukuxilonga i-aphasia: indlela inkinga eqinisekiswa ngayo
Uchwepheshe wokuqala ovame ukusola ukuthi i-aphasia iwudokotela owelapha umuntu ngemuva kokushaywa unhlangothi, ukulimala kobuchopho okubuhlungu, noma lapho eqala ukubona izimpawu zesifo sokuphazamiseka kwemizwa. Uma ukuhlolwa kwembula izinkinga ngokukhuluma, ukuqonda, ukufunda, noma ukubhala, uzoyala ukuhlolwa okwengeziwe.
Ukuthwebula izithombe ze-neuroimaging (i-CT noma i-MRI) kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi kukhona isilonda sobuchopho, ukusithola, nokuhlola ubukhulu baso. Lokhu kuhlolwa kusenza sibone ukuthi ngabe kube khona yini isifo sohlangothi, isimila, ukopha kwegazi, ukuvuvukala, noma ukuwohloka okuqhubekayo ezindaweni ezihlobene nolimi.
Ngaphezu kwezithombe, udokotela wenza ukuhlolwa kolimi kokuqala ngokucela isiguli ukuba silandele imiyalo elula, siphendule imibuzo, sibize izinto zansuku zonke, siphinde amagama, noma sibambe ingxoxo emfushane. Lokhu kuhlolwa kusiza ekunqumeni uhlobo kanye nobunzima be-aphasia.
Ukuze kuhlolwe ngokuningiliziwe, isiguli cishe njalo sithunyelwa kudokotela wezifo zolimi lokukhuluma noma kudokotela wezifo zolimi lokukhuluma ogxile ezinkingeni zokuxhumana. Lochwepheshe wenza izivivinyo ezibanzi kakhulu ukuze ahlole ukuqonda, ukuveza, ukuphindaphinda, ukubiza amagama, ukufunda, nokubhala, ukuze aklame uhlelo lokungenelela oluqondene nomuntu ngamunye.
Ezimweni ze-primary progressive aphasia noma i-dementia enokukhubazeka kolimi , isazi sezinzwa kanye nethimba le-cognitive neurology bavame ukusebenzisana nezazi zezinzwa kanye nabelaphi bezenkulumo ukuze baqedele ukuxilongwa, bafunde ezinye izizinda zokuqonda (inkumbulo, ukunaka, imisebenzi yokuphatha) futhi bahlele indlela ephelele.
Ukwelashwa nokuvuselelwa: indlela yokwelashwa kwe-aphasia
Ngemva kokuhlaselwa yisifo sohlangothi noma okunye ukulimala kobuchopho okungaqhubeki , ubuchopho bungena esigabeni sokuqina okukhulu ezinyangeni ezimbalwa zokuqala. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, izinqubo zokululama ezizenzakalelayo zenzeka: abanye abantu bathuthuka kakhulu ngisho nangaphandle kokwelashwa okujulile, yize kuvamile ukuba kube nemiphumela ethile ehlala njalo.
I-Aphasia ephikelela ngale kwalesi sigaba sokuqala ibizwa ngokuthi i-chronic aphasia . Kodwa-ke, "i-chronic" akusho ukuthi ayiguquki: izifundo eziningi zibonisa ukuthi, ngokwelashwa okufanele, amakhono olimi angaqhubeka nokuthuthuka iminyaka eminingi, ngenxa yokuhlelwa kabusha kwamanethiwekhi obuchopho eduze kwendawo eyonakele kanye nokufunda amasu okubuyisela.
Umgomo oyinhloko wokwelapha ngenkulumo ukuthuthukisa ukuxhumana okusebenzayo , ukusebenzisa amakhono akhona ngokugcwele, ukukhuthaza ukululama kwabakhubazekile, nokufundisa ezinye izindlela lapho kudingeka (ukushukuma komzimba, ukubhala, ukudweba, amadivayisi kagesi asebenza ngezwi, njll.). Ukungenelela kulungiselelwe uhlobo lwe-aphasia, imbangela yalo, ubudala besiguli, isimo sempilo jikelele, kanye nemigomo yomuntu siqu.
Izikhathi zingaba ezomuntu ngamunye noma ngamaqembu . Ukwelashwa komuntu ngamunye kugxila ezicini ezithile (ukufinyelela isilulumagama, ukwakhiwa kwemisho, ukuqonda imiyalelo, kanye nokufunda nokubhala okusebenzayo), kuyilapho izikhathi zeqembu zivumela ababambiqhaza ukuzijwayeza ingxoxo endaweni elawulwayo, bandise ukuzethemba, futhi babelane ngolwazi nabanye abasezimweni ezifanayo.
Ubuchwepheshe sebube umsizi omkhulu . Namuhla, kunezinhlelo zokuvuselela ezisekelwe kukhompyutha, imidlalo yolimi , izinhlelo zokusebenza zeselula, kanye nezinhlelo zokuxhumana ezikhulisayo nezihlukile (i-AAC) ezikhiqiza inkulumo kusuka kokukhethiwe esikrinini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuvuselelwa kwenkulumo (amaseshini okwelapha inkulumo aku-inthanethi) kwenza kube lula ukufinyelela ekwelashweni lapho kunezinkinga zokuhamba.
Uma kwenzeka i-primary progressive aphasia kanye ne-dementia , ukwelashwa "akulaphi" lesi sifo, kodwa kunganciphisa ukusebenza kwaso, kusize ekugcineni ukuxhumana isikhathi eside ngangokunokwenzeka, futhi kunikeze amasu kokubili kumuntu othintekile kanye nabanakekeli bakhe okuphatha kangcono izimo zansuku zonke.
Indima ebalulekile yomndeni kanye nendawo ezungezile ku-aphasia
Akukho ukwelashwa kwe-aphasia okuphelele ngaphandle kokubandakanyeka kwenethiwekhi yokusekela eseduze yomuntu . Umndeni, abangani, kanye nabanakekeli bangabalingani ababalulekile enkambisweni yokululama ngoba bachitha amahora amaningi nomuntu othintekile futhi bangashintsha ukuxhumana kwansuku zonke kube yithuba elincane lokuxhumana.
Ezinye iziqondiso ezilula zingenza umehluko omkhulu : khuluma kancane futhi ngemisho emifushane, sebenzisa isilulumagama esicacile kanye nokulalela ngenkuthalo , phinda amagama ayisihluthulelo noma uwabhale phansi uma kudingeka, nciphisa umsindo wangemuva njengethelevishini noma umsakazo, futhi uqiniseke ukuthi umuntu uyalalela ngaphambi kokukhuluma naye. Ukugcina ithoni yezwi enenhlonipho, efanele umuntu omdala, kubalulekile ukuze kulondolozwe isithunzi sakhe.
Kubaluleke kakhulu futhi ukufaka umuntu one-aphasia ezingxoxweni zakhe , ucele umbono wakhe ngezinqumo zomndeni, umnike isikhathi esanele sokuphendula, futhi wamukele noma yiluphi uhlobo lokuxhumana (igama elilodwa, ukushukuma komzimba, imidwebo, ukuxhumana emehlweni). Ukumlungisa njalo noma ukuqeda imisho yakhe kungandisa ukukhungatheka; kungcono ukumnikeza ukwesekwa lapho ecela noma lapho evinjiwe ngokusobala.
Uma ukuthola amagama kunzima , kungaba usizo ukunikeza izinketho kancane kancane nangendlela yokubuza (“Usho umsakazo, i-TV, noma ikhompyutha?”) ukusiza umuntu akhethe. Uma lokho akushoyo kunzima ukukuqonda, angakhuthazwa ukuba akhombe, ashukumise, noma asebenzise izinto ezisendaweni yakhe ukuze zimsekele.
Indlela abantu abaxhumana ngayo nabo kufanele igweme ukuhlambalaza nokusebenzisa ulimi lokukhulisa izingane . Nakuba ngezinye izikhathi kunezinhloso ezinhle, ukusebenzisa izinciphiso eziningi, ukukhuluma ngendlela ephindaphindayo, noma ukusebenzisa amagama eziteketiso ayengasetshenziswa ngaphambi kokugula kungaba yinto ehlazisayo futhi kuholele umuntu ekubeni aqhubeke nokuhoxa.
Umndeni udinga nokusekelwa nokuqeqeshwa . Amaqembu okusekelana, izinhlangano zabantu abanesifo sohlangothi noma i-aphasia, kanye nezinsiza zomphakathi zinganikeza ulwazi, ukwesekwa ngokomzwelo, kanye namasu okubhekana kangcono nobunzima bokuxhumana, kanye nokulawula umthelela emndenini nasemsebenzini.
Ucwaningo lwamanje kanye neziqondiso zesikhathi esizayo ku-aphasia
Ucwaningo lwe-Aphasia luhlose ukuqonda kangcono ukuthi ulimi luhlelwe kanjani ebuchosheni , ukuthi yiziphi izinguquko ezenzeka ngemva kokulimala, nokuthi yiziphi izinhlobo zokwelapha ezithola imiphumela emihle kakhulu yesikhashana neyesikhathi eside. Izinhlangano ezifana ne-National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD) zixhasa amaphrojekthi asebenzisa amasu athuthukile okuthwebula izithombe ze-neuro ukuze abuke umsebenzi wobuchopho ngenkathi umuntu ekhuluma, elalele, noma evuselelwa.
Lezi zifundo zisivumela ukubona ukuthi ubuchopho buzihlela kanjani kabusha , ukuthi yiziphi izindawo eziseduze noma ezingaphandle ezithatha imisebenzi yolimi ngemva kokuhlaselwa yisifo sohlangothi, nokuthi izinto eziguquguqukayo ezifana nokuqina kokwelashwa, isikhathi sokuqala, ubudala, kanye nendawo yezilonda zithinta kanjani le nqubo. Ngokusekelwe kulolu lwazi, kuklanywa izinhlelo zokuvuselela ezenzelwe wena, futhi kuhlolwa izinhlobo ezintsha zokuvuselela ubuchopho ezihlanganiswe nokwelashwa kwenkulumo.
Emkhakheni we-aphasia eqhubekayo eyinhloko kanye ne-dementia , ucwaningo lugxile ekutholeni izinguquko zolimi kusenesikhathi, luzihlobanise namaphethini athile okuwohloka kobuchopho, kanye nokuthuthukisa izindlela zokungenelela, ngaphezu kokugcina ukuxhumana, ezisekela inhlalakahle yemizwa kanye nekhwalithi yokuphila.
Izivivinyo zemitholampilo ziyaqhubeka zihlola izindlela ezahlukene zokwelapha, kusukela ezinhlelweni zolimi ezijulile kuya kumasu okuvuselela ubuchopho angangenisi uhlaselo. Amapulatifomu afana ne-ClinicalTrials.gov ahlanganisa eziningi zalezi zifundo, ezakha isisekelo sokuthuthukisa izincomo zokwelapha unyaka nonyaka.
Ukuqonda ukuthi i-aphasia iyisifo solimi, hhayi esobuchopho , ukuthi inezimbangela zezinzwa ezichazwe kahle, nokuthi kukhona amasu okuvuselela asebenzayo, kusiza ukunciphisa ukucwaswa nokwesaba okusasizungezile. Ngokwelashwa kwenkulumo kwasekuqaleni nokujulile, indawo yomndeni ehilelekile, kanye nezinsiza ezanele zokusekela, abantu abaningi bayakwazi ukubuyisa ingxenye ebalulekile yekhono labo lokuxhumana nokwakha kabusha izimpilo zabo, noma ngabe ngamathuluzi amasha nangejubane elihlukile.
