Labo abahlala nenja bavame ukuba nomuzwa wokuthi umngane wabo onemilenze emine Uqonda okuningi kunalokho akuvumelayo.Ngaphandle kwemiyalo eyisisekelo efana nokuthi “hlala” noma “woza,” ezinye izinja zibonakala ziqonda amagama ngamanye angakaze afundiswe muntu ngokuqondile. Manje, uchungechunge lwezifundo ezihlanganiswe eYurophu lunikeza ukwesekwa kwesayensi kwalokhu kuqonda: Ezinye izinja ziyakwazi ukufunda amagama ngokulalela izingxoxo zabantu..
Ithimba labacwaningi bamazwe ngamazwe, namaqembu avela ku- I-Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE) eBudapest futhi we Inyuvesi Yezokwelapha Zezilwane yaseVienna, ibhale phansi ukuthi iqembu elincane kakhulu lezinja zasekhaya, abazibiza ngokuthi Abafundi Bamagama Abaneziphiwo (i-GWL) noma izinja ezinesiphiwo sokufunda amagama, ingafaka amagama amathoyizi amasha ngaphandle kokuqeqeshwa okucacileukufeza ukusebenza okufana nalokho kwe izingane eziphakathi kwezinyanga eziyi-18 nezingama-23.
Iyini inja "enesiphiwo" sokufunda amagama?
Lezi zilwane ezingavamile azineliswa ukusabela emiyalweni embalwa nje: Bayazi amashumi noma amakhulu amathoyizi ngamagama.Phakathi kwamacala agqame kakhulu yiMiso, i-border collie eneminyaka eyisithupha ubudala lokho kukhomba nxazonke Izinto ezingama-200 ezihlukileUBryn, naye othanda i-border collie, oneminyaka eyishumi nanye ubudala Uyakwazi ukubona amathoyizi angaba yikhulu ngamagama.noma u-Augie, umlimi weminyaka engaba mihlanu ukwazi ukuhlanganisa kahle uhlu olubanzi lwamagama nonodoli bakhe.
Lezi zinja ze-GWL zitholakale emazweni ahlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa I-Canada, i-United Kingdom, i-United States, i-Norway, i-Germany noma i-BrazilFuthi eziningi zazo zingama-border collie, uhlobo oluvele lwaziwa ngamakhono alo aphezulu okuqonda. Kodwa-ke, ososayensi baphikelela ukuthi Lokhu akuyona isici esijwayelekile sohlanga, kodwa ka abantu abangavamile kakhulu ikhono lawo elibonakala liwumphumela wenhlanganisela engavamile yokuthambekela kwezinto eziphilayo kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho kokuphila okucebile ekusebenzelaneni nabantu.
Eziningi zalezi zinja zaqala ukuvelela emakhaya, ngesikhathi izikhathi zokudlala zansuku zonkengaphandle kohlelo lokuqeqeshwa olusemthethweni. Abanakekeli bakhe baqaphela ukuthi, cishe bengahlosile, inja Wayelokhu enezela amagama amathoyizi "esilulumagamani" sakheNgokusekelwe kula macala, abacwaningi bephrojekthi Inselele Yenja Yobuhlakani Baqala ukubaqasha ukuze bahlole ngokuningiliziwe ubukhulu bethalente labo.
Izifundo zangaphambilini Base bevele bebonisile ukuthi amanye ama-GWL angafunda igama lethoyizi elisha ngemva kokulizwa izikhathi ezine kuphela, abambe ngekhanda izinto ezingaphezu kweshumi nambili ngesonto, futhi agcine lawo magama iminyaka eminingi. Ucwaningo olusha luya phambili: luhlaziya ukuthi, ngaphezu kwalokho, Bangafunda amagama ngaphandle kokuba abamukeli bomyalezo ngqo..
Indlela izivivinyo ezaklanywa ngayo: khuluma nabo… futhi ubavumele balalele nje
Ukuze kuhlolwe uhlobo lwaleli khono, ithimba le-ELTE nelaseVienna lisebenzisane Izinja eziyishumi zinesiphiwo sokufunda amagamaikakhulukazi ama-border collie, kodwa futhi ane- iLabrador, iGerman Shepherd, iMiniature Australian Shepherd, kanye neBlue Heeler mixBonke babehlala emakhaya avamile futhi base bewazi kakade inani elihle lamathoyizi ngamagama.
Ukuhlolwa okuyinhloko kuqhathanise izimo ezimbili ezahlukene. Kwesokuqala, esivamile kakhulu, Umnikazi waya ngqo enjeni ephethe ithoyizi elisha.Wabukisa ngayo, wadlala ngayo, waphinda igama ayeyinike lona izikhathi eziningana. Esimweni sesibili, esinzima kakhulu, isilwane wahlala njengomqapheli ngesikhathi abantu ababili bexoxa ngalezo zinto zokudlala ezifanayo, ngaphandle kokuyibuka, ngaphandle kokuyiyalela, futhi ngaphandle kokuyivumela ukuthi isebenzisane nento..
Ukuvimbela izinja ukuthi zingangeni engxoxweni, ezimweni eziningi Kwabekwa isithiyo Ilula, njengesango lokuphepha lezingane noma umbhede wezinja. Noma kunjalo, babesakwazi ukubona abantu namathoyizi, futhi bezwe kahle lokho ababekusho.
Isethulo besifushane kakhulu: cishe imizuzu eyisishiyagalombili iyonke ngethoyizi ngalinye elishaKusatshalaliswe ku- izikhathi ezingaba yimizuzu emibili ngosuku izinsuku ezineKwakhethwa amagama asunguliwe noma angajwayelekile, ngaphandle kwamagama izinja ezaziwazi kakade, ukuze kuncishiswe ukudideka.
Lapho isigaba sokufunda sesiphelile, abacwaningi baqhubekela esivivinyweni esibalulekile. Babeka amathoyizi amasha kanye nalawo ajwayelekile ekamelweni elihlukile.Umphathi wahlala kwelinye igumbi, lapho inja ingamboni khona, futhi ngaphandle kokunikeza izinkomba ezibonakalayo, wacela isilwane ukuba silethe into ethile ngegama: imisho elula efana nokuthi "ungangilethela uTeddy?" noma "ngilethele i-pizza" yasetshenziswa ukuhlola ukuthi inja yayihlobanise kahle yini igama nethoyizi.
Imiphumela: ukusebenza okufana nokwengane enonyaka owodwa nengxenye ubudala
Idatha yayimangalisa: Izinja eziyisikhombisa kweziyishumi zazibona ngokuthembekile amathoyizi amasha ngemva kwesethulo esifushane, kokubili esimweni lapho bakhulunywe khona ngqo kanye nesimo ukulalela kancaneKwezinye izimo, izinga lempumelelo lifinyelele phezulu njenge 80% lapho befundiswa ngqo kanye no-100% lapho befunda kuphela ngokulalela izingxoxo zabanye abantu.
La maphesenti awakwazi ukuchazwa ngengozi, ngoba esivivinyweni ngasinye inja kwakufanele ikhethe phakathi kwezinto eziningana futhi ukuhlanganiswa kwaphindwa ngamathoyizi ahlukene. Abacwaningi basebenzise izilawuli zezibalo futhi waphinda imisebenzi ukuqeda ukuthi izilwane zazimane zikhetha ithoyizi elisha ngenxa yokuthanda noma ilukuluku nje.
Okuthakazelisa kakhulu ngesayensi yentuthuko ukuthi, ngokusebenza, Ukuziphatha kwalezi zinja kukhumbuza lokho izingane zabantu ezineminyaka engaba ngu-18Kuleyo minyaka, izingane eziningi sezikwazi kakade ukufaka amagama esilulumagama sazo ngokukhuluma nje. ukulalela abantu abadala ababili bekhuluma ngento ethileuma nje bekwazi ukubona indawo, balandele indlela yokubuka, futhi bathole izimpawu zokuxhumana ezihilelekile.
Ngamazwi omcwaningi uShany Dror, omunye wababhali abaphambili balolu cwaningo, Izinqubo zenhlalo-zokuqonda ezisivumela ukuthi sifunde amagama ezingxoxweni ezizwiwe azigcini nje ezinhlotsheni zethuNgaphansi kwezimo ezifanele, uthi, Ezinye izinja zibonisa izindlela zokusabela ezifana kakhulu nezezingane ezincane.Nokho, lokho akusho ukuthi indlela yokusebenza kwengqondo eyisisekelo iyafana.
UClaudia Fugazza, naye ophethe iphrojekthi e-Eötvös Loránd University, ugcizelela ukuthi le miphumela iphakamisa ukuthi Izinja ze-GWL zingasebenzisa izindlela ezahlukene ngendlela eguquguqukayo ukuze zifinyelele ekuhlanganiseni okufanayo kwamagama nentoBangafunda kokubili ekuxhumaneni okuqondisiwe kanye nezingxoxo phakathi kwabantu besithathu, futhi bayakwazi. ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuqinisa okukhethekile, endaweni yasekhaya efana kakhulu nokuphila kwabo kwansuku zonke.
Inselele yokufunda lapho into ingabonakali
Abacwaningi abagcinanga lapho. Ukuze bahlole imikhawulo yaleli khono, baklama isethi yesibili yemisebenzi lapho banezela khona ukuhlukaniswa kwesikhashana phakathi kwegama nentoInqubo yayibonakala ilula, kodwa yayidinga kakhulu ngokombono wokuqonda.
Okokuqala, umnikazi Wakhombisa inja ithoyizi wayivumela ukuthi ilinuke noma ilibuke. okwesikhashana. Bese ngifaka into ebhakedeni noma ngemuva kwesithiyo, lapho isilwane singasaboni khona. Kuphela lapho ithoyizi lingasabonakali, Wabiza igama elikhethiwe izikhathi eziningana. ngenkathi uxoxa nomunye umuntu.
Ngale ndlela, ukuhlangana okusheshayo phakathi kokuzwa ilebula lomlomo nokubona into ngesikhathi esifanayo kwaphulwa. Ukuze ifunde, inja kwadingeka khumbula ngengqondo ithoyizi elalibhekisele kulo igama futhi axhumanise zombili lezi zinto nokulibala kwesikhathi okuncane. Kamuva, njengasekuhlolweni kwangaphambilini, wacelwa ukuba letha ithoyizi elifanele ekamelweni elinezinto eziningana.
Naphezu kobunzima obengeziwe, Iningi lezinja ezineziphiwo liphumelele futhi esivivinyweniAbaningi bakwazi ukuhlobanisa amalebula amasha namathoyizi ababewabonile ngaphambi kwengxoxo, futhi Bakhumbula lawo magama ngisho nangemva kwamasonto amabiliokubonisa ukuthi ulwazi alugcinwanga kwimemori yesikhashana kakhulu.
Ngokusho kwababhali, iqiniso lokuthi lezi zinja ziyafunda ngisho nalapho igama liphinyiselwa ngaphandle kokuba into ikhona Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi abathembeli kuphela ekuzivumelaniseni okusheshayo noma ekuphindaphindeni okulula. Kunalokho, kubonakala sengathi basebenzisa izinkomba zomphakathi zabantu—njengokunaka, inhloso yokuxhumana, noma umongo wengxoxo— ukwakha nokuhlanganisa isixhumanisi phakathi komsindo nethoyizi.
Ingabe lokhu kuyasebenza kuzo zonke izinja? Lokho okushiwo idatha
Elinye lamaphuzu abacwaningi abagcizelela kakhulu ukuthi lokhu okutholakele Azikwazi ukujwayelaniswa nenani lezinja lonkeUkuqinisekisa lokhu, basebenzise izinqubo ezifana ne- izinja zomndeni ezivamileIningi labo laliyi-border collies, kodwa ngaphambili babengakaze babonise ulwazi oluningi lwezinto.
Kulezi zilwane ezingenawo umlando wokufunda amagama amathoyizi, Akukho bufakazi obuqinile obutholakele bokuthi bafaka amagama amasha ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanayo. Ngezinye izikhathi kwakubonakala ukukhetha okuncane kokuthatha ithoyizi elisha, kodwa ngaphandle kwephethini ezinzile engabonisa ukufunda kweqiniso kwegamaUmehluko ngezinja ze-GWL ucacile.
Yingakho bobabili uDror noFugazza begcizelela ukuthi izinja ezineziphiwo akuvamile kakhuluAmathalente abo angase ancike ku- inhlanganisela engavamile yezakhi zofuzo, intuthuko yasekuqaleni, kanye nendawo ekhuthaza kakhulunabanakekeli abadlala nabo kakhulu futhi bakhulume nabo ngokwemvelo nsuku zonke.
Noma kunjalo, imiphumela inikeza izinkomba ezibalulekile zokuqonda kangcono ubuhlakani bezenhlalo bezinjaNgisho nezinja ezingafundi amagama amaningi zibonakala zinozwela olukhulu kuzo. izimpawu zabantu zokunaka nokuxhumana, into ekhethwe eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane yokuphila ndawonye nezinhlobo zethu.
Ithimba liphakamisa ukuthi, ezimweni zezinja ezineziphiwo ezingavamile, ukufuywa kanye nokuxhumana kwansuku zonke nabantu, njengokuthi ukwelashwa kwezilwane Babengakhulisa amakhono okufunda ezenhlalo ayesevele ekhona kulolu hlobo lwezilwane.
Lokho okuvezwa yilokhu ngemvelaphi yolimi kanye nobuhlobo bethu nezinja
Ngokombono wesayensi, le miphumela ihunyushwa njengefasitela lokubona izindlela zokuqonda ezingasekela ulimi lwabantuUma uhlobo olungewona ulimi, njengenja, lukwazi ukufunda amalebula okukhuluma ngokubuka ukusebenzisana kwabanye, kungenzeka ukuthi Amanye amathuluzi ayisisekelo okufunda ulimi akhona ngale kwezinhlobo zethu.
Abalobi bagcizelela ukuthi, ezinganeni, ikhono lokufunda ezingxoxweni nabanye lihilela ukuhlanganisa amakhono amaningana: landela amehlo nezenzo zabantu abadala, thola ukuthi ubani okhuluma nobani, thola ukuthi iyiphi into efanelekile nganoma yisiphi isikhathi futhi Khipha amagama angukhiye ekugelezeni okuqhubekayo kwenkulumoUkusebenza okufanayo nalokho okwenziwa yizinja ze-GWL kukhomba kukho izindlela zomphakathi ezabiweyize izinqubo zangaphakathi ezisetshenziswa yilowo nalowo zihlukile.
Abanye ochwepheshe ekuqhathaniseni ukuqonda bakhomba ukuthi lezi zifundo zihambisana nokubonwa kwangaphambilini kwezinye izinhlobo, njenge Ama-parrot ampunga ase-Afrika noma ama-bonoboababonise ikhono lokufunda amagama ezimweni zokuxhumana nabantu. Endabeni yezinja, into entsha ilele eqinisweni lokuthi Ukufunda kwenzeka ezindaweni zasekhaya, ngaphandle kokuqeqeshwa okujulile kwelebhu.kodwa kusafinyelela amazinga amangalisayo.
Kulabo abahlala nenja eSpain noma kunoma yiliphi elinye izwe laseYurophu, okutholakele akusho ukuthi isilwane sabo sizofunda amagama azo zonke izinto zokudlala ngokuzwa nje kukhulunywa ngazo engxoxweni. Nokho, basikisela ukuthi ukuxhumana kwansuku zonke, ukudlala okwabiwe, kanye nokuvezwa kwamagama ezimweni ezicacile Zingasiza isilwane siqonde kangcono umhlaba wethu wabantu.
Ngokombono ongokoqobo, ithimba le- Inselele Yenja Yobuhlakani ikhuthaza abantu abasola ukuthi inja yabo ihlukanisa amagama amaningi ezinto ukuhlola lelo khono ngendlela yokudlala futhi, uma befisa, xhumana nabo ukuze uthole ucwaningo oluzayo. Umgomo wabo ukuqhubeka nokuxazulula inkinga Yini eyenza lezi zinja zibe ezikhethekile? nokuthi zingasisiza kanjani siqonde kangcono intuthuko yolimi kanye nobuhlakani bezenhlalo.
Wonke lo msebenzi ucacisa into eyodwa: yize izinja eziningi zizofunda amagama ambalwa kuphela asebenzayo, Iqembu elincane lezinja ezingavamile libonisa ukuthi ukufunda amagama ngokulalela izingxoxo kungenzeka ngaphandle kohlobo lwabantu.nokuthi umlando omude ohlanganyelwe phakathi kwabantu nezinja uholele ezinhlotsheni eziyinkimbinkimbi zokuqondana kunalokho obekucatshangwa ngaphambili.
