Cabanga ngensizwa efundisa umkhulu wayo indlela yokusebenzisa iTikTok kuyilapho umkhulu emtshela ngokuthandana ngaphambi kwe-inthanethi, noma umfundi waseyunivesithi ovolontiya ekhaya lasebekhulile futhi ebuya ekhaya ephethe ifoni yakhe egcwele izindlela zokupheka. Ngemuva kwalesi simo esithinta inhliziyo kukhona isayensi: ubudlelwano bothando buvuselela ubuchopho kanye nezinqubo zenhlalo eziphindaphinda inani lazo lapho zidlula izizukulwane. Ubungane phakathi kwezizukulwane abugcini nje ngokuba 'buhle': bukhulisa inkumbulo, buthuthukisa amakhono okuxhumana nabantu, futhi busekela inhlalakahle yemizwa.
Ubufakazi obuqongelelwe ku-gerontology, i-social psychology, kanye ne-social neuroscience bubonisa ukuthi ukuxhumana okunenjongo phakathi kwentsha nabadala kusebenza njengokuqeqeshwa okunamandla kwengqondo ngokomzwelo. Lokhu kubopha kunciphisa isizungu, kuqinisa ukuzethemba, futhi kungaba nomthelela omuhle empilweni yomzimba . Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhuthaza ubumbano ezindaweni nasemiphakathini ngokubhidliza ubandlululo lobudala.
Sisho ukuthini ngobungane bezizwe zonke nokuthi kungani bubalulekile
Sikhuluma ngobudlelwano phakathi kwezizukulwane lapho kukhona ukuxhumana okunenjongo phakathi kwabantu bobudala obuhlukene emndenini, emphakathini, endaweni yokusebenza, noma kumaphrojekthi ahleliwe. Uma lokhu kuxhumana kuhlelwe ngenhloso, sikubiza ngokuthi izinhlelo phakathi kwezizukulwane: izikhala zokufunda, ukubambisana, kanye nokushintshana ngolwazi ngokulinganayo . Inhloso yabo icacile: inhlonipho, ukuqondana, kanye nokunciphisa ukuguga.
I-European Union ibheka ubumbano phakathi kwezizukulwane njengesisekelo senqubomgomo yomphakathi yokuguga okusebenzayo. Imihlangano yobuciko, amaphrojekthi omphakathi, izikhathi zemfundo , imisebenzi yezemidlalo— konke kunegalelo ekuqiniseni izibopho, ukulwa nokuhlukaniswa, kanye nokwakha umphakathi ohlanganisa bonke abantu . Ngaphezu kwalokho, eSpain, imibiko efana naleyo evela kwi-"la Caixa" Foundation igcizelela ukuthi lezi zinhlelo zidiliza imibono engajwayelekile, zikhiqize izinzuzo zomuntu siqu nezenhlalo, futhi zisekele umphakathi ohlanganisa bonke abantu ngeminyaka.
Okushiwo yi-neuroscience: I-CrossFit yengqondo
Ukusebenzisana kothando kuvuselela izikhungo zemivuzo, njenge-ventral striatum kanye ne-medial prefrontal cortex. Lawa manethiwekhi akhipha i-dopamine kanye ne-oxytocin, ama-neurotransmitters ahlotshaniswa nenjabulo, ukunamathela, kanye nokwethemba . Akukhona nje ukuzijabulisa: i-chemistry yobuchopho ivumelana ukuze ikhuthaze, ilawule imizwa, futhi iqinise izibopho ngendlela ehlala njalo.
Ku-Creativity & Aging Study yakhe, isazi se-agerontologist uGene Cohen saphawula ukuthi abantu abadala abahlanganyela emisebenzini yezizukulwane ezahlukene—ukuqeqesha, imihlangano yokudala, amaphrojekthi ahlanganyelwe— bathuthukisa inkumbulo, ukunaka, kanye nobuciko, kanye nokunciphisa ukukhathazeka futhi bathole ukuzethemba kanye nomuzwa wenjongo . Ngamazwi kaCohen, akuyona nje into yokuzijabulisa: ukuqeqeshwa kwengqondo kanye nokuqina ngokomzwelo.
Ngale kwesici sengqondo, izibopho zezizukulwane ezahlukene zihlotshaniswa nokuphila isikhathi eside kanye nempilo enhle yengqondo. I-Harvard Study of Adult Development, elandele iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi ayisishiyagalombili, ikhomba ikhwalithi yobudlelwano—kufaka phakathi obuzalwane bezizukulwane ezahlukene—njengesibikezelo esinamandla kakhulu sempilo yengqondo kanye nokuphila isikhathi eside nangcono.
Imithelela enkumbulweni, inhlalakahle yemizwa kanye nempilo yomzimba
Ukusebenzisana phakathi kwamaqembu ahlukene eminyaka kukhuthaza ukukhuthazwa kwengqondo ngengxoxo, ukudlala, imisebenzi yokudala, noma ukwenza umculo. Inkumbulo, ukunaka, kanye nolimi kuyavuselelwa, imisebenzi yokuphatha iyaqiniswa, futhi ukugcinwa kwengqondo kuyavikelwa . I-Sociology inikeza olunye ulwazi olubalulekile: ngokusho kukaTine Buffel, ukuba nabangani kanye nabantu oxhumana nabo abaneminyaka ehlukene kuthuthukisa ukubandakanywa komphakathi futhi kunciphisa isizungu esingapheli, okuyisici esiyingozi sokucindezeleka kanye nokwehla kwengqondo.
Ezingeni lomzimba, ukuhlanganyela emisebenzini yeqembu kukhulisa ukuhamba kanye nomsebenzi olinganiselayo, kuyilapho kwandisa ukuxhumana nabantu. Le mikhuba ihlotshaniswa nengozi ephansi yesifo senhliziyo, impendulo engcono yokuzivikela komzimba, ukucindezeleka okuncane, kanye nomfutho wegazi ophansi . Izifundo zaseYurophu ezenziwe nguTineke Fokkema noDorly J. Deeg zibonisa ukuthi abantu abadala abaxhumana njalo nabantu abasebasha babhekana nokungahlukaniswa okuncane kanye nesimo esizinzile semizwa.
Ubungane phakathi kwezizukulwane buzuzisa wonke umuntu. Kubantu abadala, busho ukuzizwa bebalulekile futhi bewusizo; kubantu abasha, bahlakulela uzwela, amakhono okuxhumana nabantu, kanye nomuzwa wokuba nomthwalo wemfanelo . Futhi ezingeni lomphakathi, izinhlelo ezifana nalezo ezisekelwa yi-"la Caixa" Foundation ziqinisa amanethiwekhi okusekela futhi ziqhubekele emphakathini ongabandlululi abantu ngokusekelwe eminyakeni yobudala.
E-United States, izinhlelo ezifana ne-Generations United zibonisa ukuthi ukubamba iqhaza kwezingane, intsha, kanye nabantu abadala kumaphrojekthi ahlanganyelwe kunciphisa kanjani ubandlululo, kwandisa ukuqondana, futhi kuqinisa imali yomphakathi . Lokhu kuhambisana nobufakazi obuxhumanisa ubudlelwano obuhle phakathi kwezizukulwane nenhlalakahle ethuthukisiwe yengqondo nengokomzwelo.
Izilimi, amakhodi kanye nemibono: ukushintshana kwamasiko okuphilayo
Ukusebenzisana kwezizukulwane ezahlukene kuvuselela ubuciko bolimi namasiko: lokho okwakuyi-"party" noma "hey, dude," namuhla kungase kuzwakale sengathi "bhuti" noma ezinye izinkulumo ezijabulisa izizukulwane ezindala futhi zizigcine zinolwazi lwakamuva. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kolimi kuthuthukisa ukuxhumana futhi kuvivinye ukuguquguquka kwengqondo . Ucwaningo lukaNancy Henkin noGary Kaplan ngezinhlelo zokuhlala ezikoleni lwembula ukuthi abantu abadala babona inhlalakahle enkulu ngokwengqondo, kuyilapho abantu abadala abasebasha bethola uzwela, amakhono okuxhumana nabantu, kanye nokuzibophezela kwabanye.
Lokhu kushintshana ngamasiko akuyona into encane ngokwenkumbulo. Ukushintshana izindaba, izaga, kanye nezinkomba kuvuselela ukukhumbula izinto, kuqinisa ubuwena, futhi kuqinise izibopho ngokomzwelo . Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho lezi zibopho zigcinwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, zenza kube lula umkhuba wamakhono okuxhumana anenhlonipho nesineke kubantu abasha, kuyilapho abantu abadala bethola ukubekezelela izinto ezintsha.
Isizungu, ukuqina kanye nokuvimbela ukwehla kwengqondo
Izinzuzo ezihambisanayo zinamagama nezici: ukuxazulula izinkinga, ukubeka ubunzima endaweni efanele, kanye nokuqina, njengoba uPueyo, uMataró, noJurado besho. Njengoba sikhula, sithola umbono kanye nekhono lokubhekana nobunzima, into intsha eyithatha ngokuchitha isikhathi nabantu abadala.
Kukhona futhi isixwayiso esinamandla esivela empilweni yomphakathi: isizungu eside sihlotshaniswa nokufa okuphezulu. Ucwaningo oluholwa nguJulianne Holt-Lunstad lukhomba emiphumeleni eyingozi efana noma emikhulu kuneyokukhuluphala ngokweqile . ESpain, izinhlangano ezifana neFundación Amigos de los Mayores (Friends of the Elderly Foundation) zinikeza izinsizakalo zokusekela ukunciphisa lokhu kuzihlukanisa.
Ngokombono we-neuroscience, lo mbono ucacile: okuhlangenwe nakho okusha nokufunda okuqhubekayo kuyisivikelo ekuwohlokeni. Abaxhumanisi besayensi abanjengoLisa Genova bagxila ekutheni ukugcina ubuchopho busebenza kusiza kanjani ukuthi kubambezeleke izinqubo zokonakala kwemizwa ezihlobene nokuqongelela kwamaprotheni . Okwamanje, i-Global Network for Age-Friendly Cities and Communities ye-WHO ikhuthaza izindawo ezenza kube lula ukuguga okusebenzayo nokunempilo.
Uma kukhona i-Alzheimer's: imisebenzi enengqondo namabhondi asekelayo
Esifweni sokuwohloka komqondo, ikakhulukazi esifweni sika-Alzheimer, okubaluleke kakhulu ukulondoloza amakhono kanye nekhwalithi yokuphila. Imisebenzi enenjongo—ehlobene nezintshisekelo, izinto zokuzilibazisa, noma izindima zangaphambili—iqinisa ubuwena, ukuzimela, kanye nomuzwa wokuba yingxenye . Lokhu kufaka phakathi imisebenzi yokuzilibazisa, imisebenzi yasekhaya, ukubamba iqhaza emphakathini, kanye nemisebenzi ehlobene nomsebenzi, ehlala ivumelaniswa nezintshisekelo namakhono amanje.
Kulo mongo, izinhlelo zezizukulwane ezahlukene zinikeza ungqimba olwengeziwe lwenhlalakahle. Ubufakazi bubonisa ukuthuthuka kwekhwalithi yokuphila, ukukhathazeka okuncane, kanye nokuxhumana okukhulu nendawo ezungezile, kanye nokwehla kokuziphatha okunzima . Ukwabelana nezingane kanye nentsha kuveza imizwa emihle—injabulo, uthando, intshiseko—ebuyisela esimweni sengqondo.
Izinzuzo zivela emazingeni amaningana. Ngokwengqondo, ukusebenzisana nokufunda ngokubambisana kukhuthaza inkumbulo nokunaka; ngokwezenhlalo, kunciphisa isizungu futhi kudala amathuba okuba ngumuntu; ngokwengqondo, kukhulisa ukuzethemba kanye nomuzwa wenhloso; phakathi kwabantu, kukhuthaza uzwela nenhlonipho phakathi kwezizukulwane . Futhi maqondana nokuvikeleka, imikhuba ehlanganyelwe inikeza isiqondiso kanye nokubikezela impilo yansuku zonke.
Ukwehlukana kwedijithali kumele kucatshangelwe. Uma izinsizakalo zomphakathi zedijithali zinganikeli ezinye izindlela ezifinyelelekayo mathupha, ukukhishelwa ngaphandle kuyaba kubi, ukusetshenziswa kwamalungelo kuyavinjelwa, futhi ukukhishelwa ngaphandle kuyaqina . Ukuqinisekisa insizakalo mathupha akuyona nje indaba yekhwalithi, kodwa futhi nokufinyeleleka kanye nokuhambisana nemithetho.
Iphuzu elilodwa elibalulekile: ukunikeza ukwesekwa akukhona ukwenza izingane zibe zincane . Sivumelanisa imisebenzi nesivinini, yebo, kodwa ngaphandle kokuphatha umuntu omdala njengengane; inhlonipho ngesithunzi sakhe, izinqumo zakhe, nesikhathi sakhe akunakuxoxiswana ngaso.
Imibono esebenzayo ekhaya yayo yonke iminyaka
Ikhaya liyindawo ephelele yokwakha ukuxhumana phakathi kwezizukulwane. Ubuciko nemisebenzi yezandla kuveza ukuvezwa okungenazwi futhi kukhuthaza inhlalakahle . Ukudweba, ukudweba, noma ukudala ndawonye kukhuthaza ukugxila, ingxoxo, kanye nezinkumbulo ezabiwe.
Umculo uyisisusa esinamandla senkumbulo yempilo yomuntu siqu. Ukucula, ukulalela uhlu lwadlalwayo oluvela ezikhathini ezahlukene, ukudansa, noma ukudlala izinsimbi kuxhuma izizukulwane futhi kushukumisa imisebenzi yokuqonda neyenhlalo . Uma kukhona upiyano noma isiginci, kungcono nakakhulu: ufunda futhi ufundisa ngesikhathi esifanayo.
Ukupheka kuvusa imizwa nomuzwa wobuwena. Ukulungiselela izindlela zokupheka zomndeni kuvuselela izinkumbulo, kuqinisa ukuzethemba, futhi kunikeza abantu abadala indima ebalulekile . Ukudala incwadi encane yezindlela zokupheka zezizukulwane ezahlukene kuwumsebenzi onomthelela ohlala njalo kanye nenani elingokomzwelo.
Ukutshala nokunakekela izilwane ezifuywayo, uma zikhona, kwengeza ukunyakaza, isimiso, kanye nothando. Ukutshala, ukunisela, nokuzibuka zikhula kunciphisa ukukhathazeka futhi kuthuthukisa ukugxila . Kungavusa izingxoxo mayelana nezinkumbulo zasemakhaya, izilwane ezifuywayo zasebuntwaneni, noma imikhuba enempilo.
Ukukhumbula okuqondiswayo usebenzisa izithombe nezinto kungenye indlela enamandla. Ukudala ijenali yendaba yokuphila kusiza ukuqinisa ubunikazi kanye nokuxhumana . Futhi, vele, ukufunda okwabiwe, imidlalo yebhodi, amagama anqamulelayo, noma izinselele zenkumbulo ezilungisiwe zonke zamukelekile: umgomo ukugcina ingqondo isebenza ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa injabulo.
Ungaqala kanjani futhi ugcine izibopho ezinempilo phakathi kwezizukulwane
Ubungani bakhelwe ekwethembeni, ekubeni khona, kanye nemingcele ecacile. Akubona bonke ubungani obufeza injongo efanayo, futhi lokho kulungile: kukhona abangane oxoxa nabo nje kanye nabangane owenza izinhlelo nabo . Okubalulekile inhloso ngemuva kwezenzo zethu kanye nekhwalithi yokuba khona kwethu, ngaphandle kokwahlulela.
Izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo zisikhumbuza ngamaphuzu athile abalulekile: ukwamukela amaphutha ethu, ukuqinisa amandla ethu, ukungahluleli izimo zomunye umuntu, nokumisa imingcele enempilo . Nesixwayiso esingenakugwenywa: ubudlelwano nezingane ezincane budinga isivikelo esikhethekile; akuwona wonke ubudlelwano obufanele noma obuphephile ngokwemvelo.
Empeleni, kungcono ukuyeka ubandlululo. Uma nje kukhona ulimi kanye nokuzimisela ukulalela, kungenzeka ukuthi kube nokuxhumana . Ukugubha ingxoxo—ukukhuluma, futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke, ukulalela ngokucophelela—kuvimbela ukungaqondani. Ukucabanga ngokuhambahamba kubalulekile: intsha nabadala bahamba ngendlela ehlukile, futhi kuhle ukuxoxisana ngezinyathelo namabanga.
Ubudlelwano obuvundlile bubalulekile: ubungani abunandawo yezindima ezihlala zibusa noma ezingaphansi . Ubuholi bungashintshana, kodwa ukulingana kuyisisekelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, yize ukuhlukaniswa kwezizukulwane kungaba wusizo ekukhangiseni, empilweni yansuku zonke, ukuxhumana kwezizukulwane kuyingxenye yemvelo yesakhiwo senhlalo.
Ubufakazi kanye nedatha: ukuhlala ndawonye, ​​ukufunda nokuzinakekela
Ukuhlala ndawonye phakathi kwezizukulwane kwenza lokho okushiwo yizifundo kubonakale. UReme, oneminyaka engu-74, no-Elisa, oneminyaka engu-22, bakhe ubungane obujulile babelana ngophahla, umculo, kanye nemikhuba emincane yansuku zonke . Phakathi kwamasaladi angalindelekile, upiyano kanye ne-guitar harmony, kanye nokuphuma baye eshashalazini noma esikhungweni samasiko, bobabili bathole ubungane kanye nesisusa.
Kunezibonelo ezengeziwe. U-Ana, oneminyaka engu-66, uhlanganyela itafula nozakwabo abaneminyaka engu-30 ubudala futhi uye wakha ubuhlobo obuseduze nabangane besizukulwane sikanina . Kolunye uhlangothi uthola amandla nomdlandla; kolunye, ukuzola nombono. Lokhu kusekelwa okubili kuyamsekela ngempela lapho ebhekene nokulahlekelwa kanye nokushintsha kwempilo.
Izinombolo ziyakufakazela lokhu: inhlolovo ye-AARP ikhombisa ukuthi abantu abadala abangu-37% balondoloza ubungane okungenani obubodwa nomuntu omdala ngeminyaka eyi-15 noma ngaphansi, kanti abangaphezu kuka-90% bathi lezi zibopho zibanikeza okuthile abangakutholi ebunganeni nabantu abaneminyaka yabo. Isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo uJuan G. Castilla siqokomisa izinzuzo ezisekelwa yi-gerontology: ukusebenza kwengqondo okuthuthukisiwe, ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ezishintshayo, ukuncipha kwesizungu esingafuneki, ukuqhekeka kwemibono engafani, kanye nokushintshana okufanele phakathi kwenjabulo yabanye kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho kwabanye.
Izinselele? Kufana nanoma yiluphi ubudlelwano, ngezinye izinto ezihlukile. Ukuxhumana, inhlonipho, ukuqonda, noma ukuzibophezela kungancipha . Okuhlangenwe nakho kwezizukulwane okuhluke kakhulu nakho kudlala indima—kusukela emibhalweni yokuphila ephawulwe yinkathi yangemva kwempi kuya ekuhlanganiseni abantu abaningi ngokwedijithali—njengoba kunjalo nokuthembela ngokweqile kanye nobuhlungu bokulahlekelwa. Impendulo ilele ekubekezeleni, ekuzwelaneni, nasekunakekeleni okubambisanayo.
Izimiso zokuziphatha, isithunzi kanye nokuphathwa kahle
Isithunzi asipheli. Kungakhathaliseki ubudala, isimo sengqondo, noma izinga lokuthembela, abantu asebekhulile bafanelwe ukucatshangelwa nokuhlonishwa okulinganayo . Ubudala—ukubandlululwa okusekelwe eminyakeni—ngezinye izikhathi kungena kube yizisho ezivamile: "Ngikhula ngeminyaka," "Usemdala kakhulu ngalokhu," "Abantu asebekhulile bayadina." Ukuqaphela nokulungisa lokhu kuyingxenye yokuphatha abantu kahle.
Ebudlelwaneni bezizukulwane ezahlukene, ukukhuluma ngokuziphatha kusho ukukhuluma ngokulingana namalungelo . Ukulalela ngeqiniso, ukucela imvume, ukwabelana ngezinqumo, nokuqaphela ukuzikhethela kwabantu abadala kuyizinto ezingenakuxoxiswana ngazo. Lolu hlaka olufanayo lokuziphatha luvikela nabantu abasebasha lapho befunda ukuxhumana nabanye ngokuzibophezela.
Imithombo nezifundo ezicashuniwe
Izincwadi ezikhethekile kanye nemibiko yokulinganisa kulo mkhakha ihambisana nalokhu okungenhla. Lokhu kufaka phakathi iCreativity & Aging Study kaGene Cohen; umsebenzi kaTine Buffel ngokufakwa kanye nokuba nesizungu; izifundo zesikhathi eside zeHarvard Study of Adult Development ; kanye nokuhlolwa kwezinhlelo zezizukulwane ezahlukene ezishicilelwe yi-"la Caixa" Foundation. Okunye okuphawulekayo yiminikelo kaNancy Henkin noGary Kaplan ezikoleni nasekunakekelweni kwezindawo zokuhlala, kanye nokutholakele eYurophu nguTineke Fokkema noDorly J. Deeg ngokuxhumana kwezizukulwane ezahlukene kanye nenhlalakahle.
Endaweni yesifo sengqondo esiwohlokayo, ukubuyekezwa okuhlelekile kanye neziqondiso ezisebenzayo kugqamisa ukuba usizo kwemisebenzi enenjongo kanye nokungenelela okungeyona eyobuchwepheshe , okunemiphumela emihle ezimpawini zengqondo kanye nekhwalithi yokuphila. Okunye okuphawulekayo yisixwayiso sikaHolt-Lunstad mayelana nezingozi zesizungu eside kanye neziphakamiso zezinhlelo zomphakathi kanye namanethiwekhi edolobha anobungane okukhuthaza izindawo ezenza lobu budlelwano bube nokwenzeka.
Konke lokhu kuhambisana nokufunda kwansuku zonke okuqokonyiswa yisayensi yezengqondo: ubungane njengokubambisana, ukubaluleka kokuzibophezela kanye nokuzimisela , isidingo semingcele ecacile, kanye nokuzibophezela ekuqedeni ubandlululo ngokulalela kanye nokulingana.
Uma sibheka isithombe esikhulu, kusobala: lapho abancane nabadala babelana ngesikhathi nothando, inkumbulo iyalolwa, imimoya iyaphakanyiswa, imizimba iyaqiniswa, futhi umphakathi uyaqiniswa . Kusukela engxoxweni ekhishini kuya kuphrojekthi yomakhelwane, noma yisiphi isizathu sihle ngokwanele ukuhlanganisa izizukulwane ndawonye futhi sibe negalelo enhlalakahleni ehlala njalo.
