Isithombe esifanelekile sokuba ngumama njengesigaba esiqhakazile siya ngokuya singqubuzana nedatha: ukucindezeleka kwangemva kokubeletha Kuyinkinga evamile futhi engabonakali kakhulu yempilo yengqondoLesi simo singavela kokubili ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa kanye nasezinyangeni ezilandela ukubeletha. Kunokuba sibe yisithiyo esidlulayo, ngesimo saso esinzima singathinta impilo yansuku zonke yowesifazane, ubuhlobo bakhe nomntwana, kanye nenhlalakahle yomndeni wonke.
Izifundo ezahlukahlukene zomhlaba wonke kanye nobufakazi obuvela kochwepheshe eSpain kudweba isithombe esicacile: Omama abaningi bazizwa bedabuke kakhulu, bekhathazekile, benecala, futhi benomuzwa wokukhungatheka ngaphandle kokuthola usizo olwanele.Nakuba umcabango ohlangene uqhubeka nokufuna injabulo ehlala njalo, isayensi kanye nezinhlangano ezikhethekile zifuna ukugxila empilweni yengqondo kamama njengengxenye ebalulekile yokunakekelwa ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa, ukubeletha kanye nokubeletha.
Umama oyedwa kwabayi-15: lokho okushiwo ubufakazi obusha besayensi
Ukubuyekezwa okuphelele okushicilelwe ku-The Lancet Psychiatry kuhlinzekwe okokuqala ngqa izibalo ezifanayo emhlabeni jikelele ngokucindezeleka okukhulu esikhathini sokubelethaOkusho ukuthi, kusukela ekukhulelweni kuya onyakeni wokuqala ngemva kokubeletha. Ngokusekelwe ezifundweni ezingu-780 ezinemininingwane evela kwabesifazane nentsha engaphezu kwezigidi ezimbili emazweni angu-90, lolu cwaningo luphetha ngokuthi cishe owesifazane oyedwa kwabayishumi nanhlanu (6,8%) uhlangabezana nesigameko esikhulu sokucindezeleka ngonyaka olandelayo wokuzalwa, futhi oyedwa kwabayishumi nesithupha (6,2%) Uhlushwa yiso ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa.
Abacwaningi baveza ukuthi Isigaba esibucayi kakhulu senzeka emavikini amabili ngemva kokubelethalapho ukusabalala kokucindezeleka okukhulu kufinyelela ku-8,3%. Nakuba ingozi ihlala iphezulu unyaka wonke, lesi sikhathi sokuqala sivela njengethuba elibucayi kakhulu lokutholwa nokusekelwa komama.
Kuze kube manje, izilinganiso eziningi zibeke ukucindezeleka kwangaphambi kokubeletha phakathi kuka-14% no-17%. Kodwa-ke, ukuhlaziywa okusha kukhombisa ukuthi ezinye zalezi zibalo zichazwa yi... Imibuzo yokuhlola esekelwe kuphela ezimpawini ivame ukulinganisa ukwanda ngokweqilephakathi kuka-71% no-122% uma kuqhathaniswa nokuxilongwa okuhlelekile kwezokwelapha. Lokhu akusho ukuthi inkinga incane, kodwa kunalokho amathuluzi okulinganisa adinga ukucutshungulwa ukuze kuhlukaniswe kangcono phakathi kokuzizwa ukhathele ngemva kokubeletha kanye nesifo sokucindezeleka esikhulu.
Lolu cwaningo luhlukanisa ngokucacile ukucindezeleka okukhulu kunesifo esaziwayo ingane blues noma ukudabuka kwangemva kokubeletha. Ngenkathi lokhu kokugcina kubonakaliswa yi izimpawu ezincane nezisheshayo (ukukhala okulula, ukucasuka, ukucindezeleka ngokomzwelo) futhi kuphele emavikini ambalwa, ukucindezeleka okukhulu kuhilela Ukudabuka okukhulu nokuqhubekayo, ukulahlekelwa yisithakazelo, ukukhathala okukhulu, kanye nobunzima obukhulu bokusebenza empilweni yansuku zonkeLokhu kuqhubeka nokuncipha kokusebenza kuyizimpawu eziyisixwayiso eziphawula ukuqhubekela phambili kwesifo esidinga ukunakekelwa kochwepheshe.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ucwaningo luchaza umehluko omkhulu wesifundaENtshonalanga Yurophu, ukusabalala okulinganiselwayo kungama-5% ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa kanye nama-5,3% ngonyaka olandelayo; eNyakatho Melika, kungama-4-4,6%. Ngokuphambene nalokho, izibalo ziphakeme kakhulu eningizimu ye-Afrika engaphansi kweSahara (15,6% ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa kanye nama-16,6% ngemuva kokubeletha) futhi ziphansi ezindaweni ezinemali engenayo ephezulu zase-Asia-Pacific, cishe ngama-3%. Lokhu kuhlukahluka kuhlobene nezici zezenhlalo nezomnotho, ukungalingani kwesakhiwo, kanye nobunzima bokufinyelela izinsizakalo zempilo yengqondo.
Kochwepheshe abafana nodokotela wezifo zengqondo uGemma Parramon, waseVall d'Hebron Hospital eBarcelona, lo msebenzi Ihlinzeka ngohlaka oluqinile lokuqonda ububanzi benkinga ngaphandle kokushiya ezinye izimo ezilimaza ngokulinganayo.Kodwa-ke, uxwayisa ngokuthi ukugxila kuphela ekucindezelekeni okukhulu kungafihla izimo zokucindezeleka noma ukukhathazeka okukhulu, yize zingase zingahambisani ngokugcwele nezindlela zokuxilonga, kodwa zibe nomthelela omkhulu empilweni yomama.
Izimpawu: lapho ukudabuka kwangemva kokubeletha kuyeka ukuba "okuvamile"
Amaviki ambalwa okuqala ngemva kokubeletha, kwabesifazane abaningi, abangela ukucindezeleka ngokomzwelo. Iningi labo libhekana nezinye izinkinga. ukukhathala okukhulu, ukukhala kalula, kanye nokushintshashintsha kwemizwelo kuhlobene nokuzikhandla ngokomzimba, ukuntuleka kokulala, kanye nokuzivumelanisa nesimo esisha. Lesi sigaba, esaziwa ngokuthi ingane bluesNgokuvamile kuyaphela emavikini ambalwa ngaphandle kokushiya imiphumela ehlala njalo.
Izazi zengqondo ze-Perinatal ezifana no-Ione Esquer, umongameli we-Spanish Association of Perinatal Psychology, zigcizelela ukuthi Iphuzu elibalulekile lisesikhathini kanye namandla ezimpawuUma usizi lungasuki, lujula, futhi luhambisana nokungabi nalutho okuqhubekayo, ukuphelelwa yithemba, ukukhathala okukhulu, izinguquko eziphawulekayo ebuthongweni nasekufiseni ukudla, ubunzima bokujabulela noma yini noma ukusondelana nomntwana, sibhekene nesimo esingasangeni ngaphansi kokujwayela okuvamile ukuba ngumama.
Phakathi kwezibonakaliso ezichazwe ochwepheshe kanye nomama ngokwabo, okulandelayo kuyaphindwa: imizwa enamandla yecala, ukukhathazeka okukhulu, ukwesaba ngokweqile ukuthi kukhona okubi okuzokwenzeka enganeni, ngisho nokwesaba ukulimaza ingane ngokungahlosileKwezinye izimo, imicabango ejulile nephazamisayo mayelana nokulimaza ingane nayo iyavela, okuyinto owesifazane ngokwakhe ayibona njengengamukeleki futhi ecindezelayo. Konke lokhu kungahambisana nokwenqatshwa, ubunzima bokunakekela umntwana, noma, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuqaphela ngokweqile okumvimbela ukuba aphumule.
Ngokusho kuka-Esquer, kulinganiselwa ukuthi phakathi Abesifazane abaphakathi kuka-10% no-20% bangase babe nokucindezeleka kwangemva kokubeletha. ukuqina okuhlukahlukene ngemva kokuzalwa. Eminye imithombo yaseYurophu ikhombisa ukuthi, uma kufakwe nezinkinga zokukhathazeka, abesifazane abafinyelela koyedwa kwabahlanu babhekana nesifo esithile semizwa noma sokukhathazeka ngesikhathi sokubeletha.
Inkinga eyengeziwe ukuthi Kunzima komama abaningi ukuqaphela ukuthi lokho ababhekene nakho kungaba ukucindezeleka.Njengoba isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo esibelethweni sikanina uLiset Álvarez esho, kuvamile ukuzizwa ukhungathekile futhi udidekile ngemva kokubeletha, futhi lo muzwa uba yinto evamile kangangokuthi izimpawu eziyisixwayiso azinakwa. Ugcizelela ukuthi ingozi ukuthi ukucindezeleka okungalashwanga kungahlala iminyaka emithathu futhi kuthinte kabi impilo kamama engokomzimba nengokwengqondo, kanye nesibopho sakhe nengane yakhe.
Ukulandisa komuntu wokuqala: ukwesaba, ukukhathazeka ngokweqile, kanye nokukhululeka lapho ucela usizo
Ngemuva kwezibalo kukhona okuhlangenwe nakho kwangempela. U-Esther, owathola indodakazi yakhe yokuqala eneminyaka engu-33, ulandisa ngendlela Izimpawu zokuqala zavela ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa.Ngosuku abuya ngalo ekhaya nengane, wezwa okuthile okungahambisani nomqondo wenjabulo ayeyicabanga: "Lapho nje ngingedwa, ngacabanga, 'Angikwazi.'" Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke, kwaqala ukubonakala imicabango yena ngokwakhe ayichaza ngokuthi "embi kakhulu, ekhathazayo, ephazamisayo, futhi ephindaphindayo."
Okwamethusa kakhulu kwaba ukwesaba ukulimaza indodakazi yabo, ngisho noma ngamabomuNaphezu kokumthanda ngokujulile, lokhu kungqubuzana phakathi kothando lwakhe olujulile ngomntwana kanye nokwesaba kwakhe okungenangqondo kwambangela ukuhlupheka okukhulu: wayekhetha ukuthi kungabikho muntu omthintayo, wayephupha kabi ngale ntombazanyana, futhi wayehlala ekhathazekile. Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa, isimo saba ngcono, kodwa izinto zaba zimbi kakhulu lapho ebuyela emsebenzini, lapho aqala khona ukubhekana nokukhathazeka kwansuku zonke nokuhlaselwa uvalo.
Ekugcineni waya kudokotela wezifo zengqondo kanye nodokotela wezifo zengqondo, abamxilonga ukucindezeleka kwangemva kokubeletha futhi wanikezwa ukwelashwa kokucindezeleka kanye nokwelashwa kwengqondoU-Esther akazange ayeke ukunakekela noma ukuzizwa esondelene kakhulu nezingane zakhe, kodwa ukholelwa ukuthi ukungenelela kochwepheshe kwakubalulekile ekuqondeni lokho ayebhekene nakho: kwamsiza ukuba achaze lokho kwesaba njengomphumela wesifiso sakhe esikhulu sokuzivikela, hhayi njengophawu lokuthi "ungumama omubi".
Ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa kwakhe kwesibili, ukwesaba kwaphinde kwavela, kodwa Wakwazi ukubhekana nazo ngendlela ehlukile ngoba wayesevele eyazi inkinga futhi wayethole imithi nokusekelwa kokwelashwa ngaphambi kokubeletha.Ubufakazi bakhe bubonisa into ekhonjiswa ochwepheshe abaningi: impumuzo evela ekuqambeni igama kulokho okwenzekayo nokuqonda ukuthi akukhona ukuntuleka kothando noma ubuthakathaka, kodwa ukuphazamiseka kwempilo yengqondo okungelashwa.
Izici zebhayoloji, zengqondo, kanye nezenhlalo: kungani ingozi ikhuphuka
Ukucindezeleka ngemva kokubeletha akunambangela eyodwa. Ochwepheshe bayavuma ukuthi kuyisenzakalo esingavamile. izinto eziningi, okuvela ekusebenzisaneni phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo kanye nomlando wowesifazane ngamunyeIzici zofuzo, umlando womuntu siqu noma womndeni wezinkinga zemizwa, umongo wezenhlalo, okuhlangenwe nakho kobudlova noma ukuxhashazwa, izimo zomnotho, kanye nokusekelwa okutholakalayo konke kudlala indima.
Ngokombono webhayoloji, isikhathi esiseduze nokubeletha sibonakala nge- ukwehla okukhulu kwama-hormone afana ne-estrogen ne-progesteroneLokhu kungabathinta kakhulu labo abanokuzwela okuphezulu kwama-hormone. Abanye odokotela bengqondo basikisela ukuthi lolu shintsho olukhulu lwamakhemikhali lungachaza ngokwengxenye inani eliphakeme lokucindezeleka okukhulu emasontweni amabili okuqala ngemva kokuzalwa, kanye lapho lokhu kwehla okukhulu kwama-hormone kwenzeka khona.
Izinguquko ze-hormone zihlanganiswa yi- izici zengqondoUdokotela we-endocrinologist uCarme Valls ugcizelela emsebenzini wakhe ukuthi izinkinga ezibonakala zingafani, njenge-anemia engatholakali, ukuntuleka kosizo ngomsebenzi wasekhaya, ukukhathala isikhathi eside ngenxa yokuncelisa, kanye nokungabi nomthwalo wemfanelo ohlanganyelwe ekunakekeleni, kungaphenduka kube umuzwa wokuthi owesifazane “ngeke akwazi ukubhekana nomsebenzi wokukhulisa izingane,” ngaleyo ndlela kube nomthelela ekuthuthukisweni kokucindezeleka kwangemva kokubeletha.
Esinye isici esibalulekile isethi Okulindelwe emphakathini mayelana nokuba ngumamaBobabili u-Esquer no-Álvarez bayavuma ukuthi abesifazane abaningi bazizwa becindezelwe ukuba “omama abakhulu”—bajabule, bazinikele, futhi bakwazi ukusingatha yonke into ngaphandle kokukhononda. Lapho lesi sipiliyoni esifingqiwe singahambisani neqiniso—ngenxa yokudabuka, ukwesaba, ukukhathala okukhulu, noma ubunzima bokubophana—kuba nomuzwa wecala omkhulu, ovame ukubavimbela ekukhulumeni ngalokho ababhekene nakho futhi bafune usizo ngesikhathi.
Lokhu kungqubuzana phakathi kwalokho okulindelekile nalokho okuzwakalayo kubhebhethekiswa yindawo evame ukuba Uzilulaza izimpawu ngamazwi anjengokuthi “kuzodlula,” “kuyinto evamile,” noma “ubungazi ukuthi kunjani ukuba ngumama.”Amazwana anezinhloso ezinhle, kodwa ayaphazamisa ithuba lokuthola ukucindezeleka nokufuna ukwelashwa. Umphumela uba yisifo esaziwa kabanzi yisayensi, kodwa esingabonakali empilweni yansuku zonke.
Inkinga evamile, evame ukucasha enomthelela ongaphezu komama
Izinhlangano ezisebenza kwezempilo yengqondo yokubeletha zigcizelela ukuthi Ukucindezeleka ngemva kokubeletha akugcini nje ngokuthinta umamaUkuba khona kwezimpawu zokucindezeleka, ukukhathazeka okukhulu, noma ubunzima obukhulu ekuzinakekeleni nasekunakekeleni ingane kungathinta ikhwalithi yokunakekelwa, impendulo ebucayi ezidingweni zosana olusanda kuzalwa, kanye nokudalwa kwesibopho sokuqala, nemiphumela engahlala isikhathi eside.
Ubufakazi obutholakalayo bubonisa ukuthi Izinkinga zempilo yengqondo kamama zithonya ukukhula ngokomzimba, ngokwengqondo nangokomzwelo kwengane.ikakhulukazi eminyakeni yokuqala yokuphila. Akukhona ukusola abesifazane, kodwa kugcizelela ukubaluleka kokuba bathole ukunakekelwa abakudingayo: ukunakekela impilo yengqondo kamama nakho kuyindlela yokuvikela inhlalakahle yengane kanye nomndeni wonke.
Ubukhulu bezomnotho bubalulekile futhi. Umbiko we-London School of Economics kanye ne-Centre for Mental Health, ogxile e-United Kingdom, ulinganisele ukuthi Ukucindezeleka kokubeletha, ukukhathazeka, kanye nokuphazamiseka kwengqondo kukhiqiza izindleko ezingaba ngu-£8.100 billion ngonyaka ngeqembu lokubeletha.Ingxenye enkulu yalezo zindleko (cishe ama-72%) ibangelwa yimiphumela yesikhathi eside ekukhuleni kwezingane, okuqinisa impikiswano yokuthi ukutholakala kusenesikhathi kanye nokungenelela okufanele kuyizimali zomphakathi, hhayi nje ukutshalwa kwezimali kwezempilo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuphazamiseka kwemizwelo nokukhathazeka esikhathini sokubeletha Akugcini nje komamaKulinganiselwa ukuthi cishe umzali oyedwa kwabayishumi angase abe nokucindezeleka phakathi nalesi sikhathi, okuholele ekufuneni izindlela zempilo yengqondo yomndeni ezihlanganisa bobabili abazali futhi zicabangele umndeni wonke.
ISpain neYurophu: intuthuko, ukushiyeka kanye nendima ebalulekile yababelethisi kanye nokusebenza kwengqondo
ESpain, amazwi ahamba phambili kwezokwelapha ngengqondo kanye nokusebenza kwengqondo kwangaphambi kokubeletha ayavuma ukuthi, naphezu kwentuthuko, Izinsiza ezithile zempilo yengqondo yokubeletha ziseyindlala futhi azilingani.Udokotela wezifo zengqondo u-Eduard Vieta, wase-Hospital Clínic yaseBarcelona, ukhale esidlangalaleni ngokuntuleka kwezinhlelo namadivayisi akhethekile avumela ukwelashwa kokucindezeleka kwangemva kokubeletha ngaphandle kokuhlukanisa umama nomntwana wakhe, okulondoloza ukunamathela kanye nokukhula ngokomzwelo kwengane.
Ukuze kugujwe uSuku Lomhlaba Lwempilo Yengqondo Yomama, olugujwa ngoLwesithathu lokuqala lukaMeyi futhi oluhlanganisa izinhlangano zaseYurophu nezaseSpain ezifana neSpanish Marcé Society for Perinatal Mental Health kanye neSpanish Association of Perinatal Psychology, kugcizelelwa minyaka yonke ukuthi Impilo yengqondo yomama kufanele ibhekwe njengento eza kuqala ezinhlelweni zokunakekelwa kwempilo.Akukhona nje ukubhekana nezinkinga ezinkulu kakhulu, kodwa futhi kumayelana nokuhlanganisa ukuvimbela, ukuhlolwa, kanye nokusekelwa kwengqondo ekukhulelweni okuvamile kanye nokunakekelwa kwangemva kokubeletha.
Emkhakheni wobungcweti, isayensi yezengqondo ibilokhu ibaluleke kakhulu. UMkhandlu Jikelele Wezengqondo eSpain une- Isihlukaniso Sempilo Yengane Nentsha kanye Nempilo Yokubeletha esebenza ekuthuthukiseni iziqondiso, izincomo, kanye nokuqeqeshwa okukhethekile ukuthuthukisa ukuhlolwa, ukuvimbela, kanye nokwelashwa kokucindezeleka kokubeletha. Phakathi kweziphakamiso zayo ukuqinisa ukuba khona kososayensi bezengqondo ngokuqeqeshwa okukhethekile empilweni yengqondo yokubeletha ohlelweni lokunakekelwa kwempilo yomphakathi kanye nokuthuthukisa izinqubo ezicacile zesenzo.
Ababelethisi, bona ngokwabo, bazibonakalise njengabachwepheshe ababalulekile ekutholakaleni kusenesikhathi. Njengoba uRuth Tirado, umbelethisi oyinhloko eCastellón, echaza, Ukucindezeleka kwangemva kokubeletha kukhona, kuyinto evamile, futhi kubalulekile ukukubona kusenesikhathi.Izikhungo zezempilo ziqapha isikhathi sokubeletha, zisekela ukuncelisa, futhi zigcina ukuxhumana okuseduze nomama, zibabeka esimweni esihle sokubona izimpawu eziyisixwayiso futhi zibhekisele kwengqondo yokubeletha uma kudingeka.
Lezi zindlela zihambisana nesicelo sokubuyekezwa esanyatheliswa kuyi-The Lancet Psychiatry, esiphikisana ngokuthi Ukuhlanganisa impilo yengqondo yokubeletha kanye nezinsizakalo zokunakekelwa okuyisisekelo, ngezinqubo zokuhlola ezivumelaniswe nesimo ngasinye samasiko, izingxoxo zokuxilonga lapho kutholwa izimpawu ezifanele, kanye nezindlela ezicacile zokwelapha, kungaba ngokwengqondo, ngokwemithi, noma ngokuhlangene.
Phula isihlamba bese ulalela ngempela omama
Naphezu kokukhula kokunaka kwabezindaba kanye nobungcweti, Abesifazane abaningi bayaqhubeka nokufihla noma ukunciphisa izimpawu zaboEminye imikhankaso yamazwe ngamazwe ilinganisela ukuthi omama abayisikhombisa kwabayishumi abahlushwa izinkinga zempilo yengqondo ngesikhathi sokubeletha abakhulumi ngalokho okwenzekayo kubo ngenxa yamahloni, ukwesaba ukwahlulelwa noma ukwesaba ukuthi ikhono labo lokunakekela ingane lizongatshazwa.
Umyalezo ovela ezinhlanganweni ezikhuthaza uSuku Lomhlaba Lwempilo Yengqondo Yomama ucacile: akekho owesifazane ovikelekileUkucindezeleka kwangemva kokubeletha kungathinta abesifazane banoma yimuphi ubudala, isimo sezomnotho, isiko, noma isizinda, futhi izimpawu zingavela nganoma yisiphi isikhathi ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa noma ezinyangeni eziyishumi nambili zokuqala ngemva kokubeletha. Ukukhumbula lokhu kusiza ekuqedeni umbono wokuthi kuyinto engavamile noma "ukwehluleka" komuntu siqu.
Izinhlelo zokuqwashisa zigcizelela nokubaluleka buza imibuzo evulekile futhi ulalele ngaphandle kokwahlulela Komama abasanda kubeletha: Ukubuza ukuthi bazizwa kanjani ngempela, ngaphandle kokuthi ingane iyadla noma ilele kahle, kungaba yisinyathelo sokuqala ekusizeni umuntu azizwe ekhululekile ngokwanele ukuvuma ukuthi akaphilile. Umgomo uwukwenza kube yinto evamile ukufuna usizo lochwepheshe, njengoba nje umuntu engafuna usizo lomkhuhlane omkhulu noma ubuhlungu obukhulu bomzimba.
Kukhona izindlela zokwelapha ezisebenzayo futhi zifundwe kahle: izindlela zokwelapha ezithile zengqondo, ukwesekwa kwengqondo ngisho nemithi uma kubonisweLokhu kuvame ukuhambisana nokuncelisa ngaphansi kokuqondisa kukadokotela. Ochwepheshe bayavuma ukuthi isihluthulelo ukuqala kusenesikhathi, ukunciphisa uhlu lokulinda, nokuqinisekisa ukuthi ukunakekelwa kunikeza ukuqhubeka futhi kuvumelana nezidingo zomndeni ngamunye.
Ukucindezeleka kwangemva kokubeletha akube yinto ebangela umuzwa wecala futhi ebangela ukucindezeleka uma kuqanjwa, kulinganiswa, futhi kubhekwana nalokho okuyikho: Inkinga evamile yempilo yengqondo, enezimbangela eziyinkimbinkimbi kodwa ezingelapheka, edinga izinsiza ezithile, ochwepheshe abaqeqeshwe, kanye nendawo elalelayo nesekelayo.Njengoba isayensi ilungisa izibalo futhi izikhungo zaseYurophu naseSpain ziqaphela umthelela wazo, umqondo wokuthi ukunakekela impilo yengqondo yomama akuyona into yokunethezeka, kodwa ingxenye ebalulekile yenhlalakahle yezinsana, imindeni, kanye nomphakathi wonke, uthola amandla.
