I-Los Ukuphazamiseka kwemikhuba yokudla Izinkinga zokudla (EDs) sezibe yinye yezinselelo ezinkulu empilweni yengqondo eSpain nakwamanye amazwe aseYurophu. Lokhu akubangelwa nje ukwanda kwamacala, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwentsha, kodwa futhi namaphesenti amakhulu abantu abaphila nale nkinga ngaphandle kokufuna usizo olukhethekile.
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, i- ukwamukelwa esibhedlela ngenxa ye-anorexia nervosa kanye nezinye izinkinga zokudla, kuyilapho izinhlelo zezempilo zizama ukuzihlela kabusha ukuze nikeza ukunakwa okwengeziwe komuntu siqu, ephelele futhi, ezimweni eziningi, evumelana kangcono nesimo samasiko, senhlalo kanye nesomndeni salabo abahlushwa yiyo.
Inkinga yezempilo yomphakathi engakatholakali kahle
Imininingwane etholakalayo ibeka izinkinga zokudla njengesifo inkinga yezempilo yomphakathi ebaluleke kakhulukanye nokusabalala okuphezulu kakhulu kwabesifazane kanye nentsha. EYurophu, kulinganiselwa ukuthi abesifazane abangafika ku-4% bangase babe nakho. i-anorexia amanosaNakuba eSpain ukusabalala kwezinkinga zokudla kwabesifazane kuphakathi kuka-4,1% no-6,4%, uma kuqhathaniswa no-0,3% kuphela kwabesilisa.
Leli gebe lobulili liyabonakala nasekungenisweni esibhedlela. Umzamo ohlanganisiwe ovela ku- I-International University yaseLa Rioja (UNIR) ESpain, eminyakeni engamashumi amabili edlule, kuye kwabhalwa ukuthi abantu abangu-15.338 abalaliswe esibhedlela ngenxa ye-anorexia nervosa entsheni, okubonisa cishe u-13% wabo bonke abantu abahlala esibhedlela ngenxa yezizathu zempilo yengqondo kuleli qembu leminyaka.
Ucwaningo luveza ukuthi cishe Amaphesenti angama-90 abantu abavunyelwe ukuba ne-anorexia nervosa La macala ahilela amantombazane, aneminyaka ephakathi kwengu-15, kanye nokuhlala esibhedlela okulinganiselwa emavikini amabili, isikhathi eside kunezinye izifo zengqondo. Lezi zibalo zikhomba isimo esibi esivame ukufika sekwephuzile ohlelweni lwezempilo.
Elinye lamaphuzu akhathaza kakhulu, ngokusho kwamaqembu ahlukahlukene emitholampilo, ukuthi cishe Abantu abangu-75% abanezinkinga zokudla abafuni usizo lochwephesheInhlanganisela yamahloni, ukwesaba ukucwaswa, ukuphika inkinga, kanye nokuntuleka kolwazi ngezinsiza ezitholakalayo kusho ukuthi amacala amaningi ahlala efihliwe kuze kube yilapho isimo siba sibi kakhulu.
Izinkinga zokudla zibonakala kanjani?
Nakuba isithombe ngasinye sezokwelapha sinezici zaso, ochwepheshe bachaza isethi ye izimpawu ezivamile ezinkingeni eziningi zokudlaLokhu kufaka phakathi ukwenqaba ukugcina isisindo esinempilo, ukwesaba okukhulu ukukhuluphala, kanye umbono omubi kakhulu ngesithombe somzimba wakhongisho nalapho indawo ezungezile ingenalo lowo mbono.
Esinye isici esivamile yi- ukwenqaba imiphumela engokomzimba kanye nezinkinga ezingokomzwelo ezihambisana nokwehlisa isisindo noma ukudla ngokweqile. Abantu abaningi bayaqhubeka nokunciphisa ukudla noma ukuzivocavoca ngokweqile naphezu kokuwohloka okusobala kwempilo yabo, benciphisa okwenzekayo kubo noma bebheka nje "njengokudla" noma "isigaba."
Amashadi angafaka phakathi ukudla okuqinile kakhulu, ukuzila ukudla isikhathi eside noma imikhuba yokuzivivinya ngokweqile ngenhloso yokwehlisa isisindo kuphela. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izigameko zokulahlekelwa ukulawula ukudla nazo zivame ukwenzeka, okuhambisana nomuzwa wokungakwazi ukuyeka ukudla ngisho nalapho kukhona ukungakhululeki ngokomzimba.
Ngemva kwalezi ziqephu, abanye abantu bathuthuka ukuziphatha okunxephezelayo (njengokuhlanza okubangelwa nguwe, ukusetshenziswa okungafanele kwemithi yokuhlanza isisu, noma ukuvivinya umzimba okuphoqelekile) ukuze "kunciphise" lokho okudliwe. Lezi zindlela zivame ukulandelwa imizwa enamandla yecala, amahloni, kanye nokuzigxeka.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuvamile ukudla ngokushesha kakhulu, ngaphandle kwendlala yangempela, noma kuze kube sezingeni lokuzizwa ungakhululekile ngokwanele. Lokhu kuziphatha, uma kuqhubeka isikhathi eside, kugcina kuthinta ngqo impilo yomzimba kanye nokulinganisela ngokomzweloukudala umjikelezo okunzima ukuwunqamula ngaphandle kokusekelwa okukhethekile.
Izithiyo ezivimbela ukufuna usizo
Izinga eliphansi labantu abafuna ukubonisana nochwepheshe lichazwa ngokwengxenye yi- izithiyo zomuntu siqu, zenhlalo kanye nezakhiwo eziphathelene nezinkinga zokudla. Izifundo eziningana zamazwe ngamazwe, lapho i-Eating Disorders Unit ye-Hospital Universitari Dexeus ihlanganyela khona kanye ne-Karolinska Institutet yaseSweden, ziye zazama ukuthola ukuthi yiziphi izici ezivimbela abantu ukuthi bathathe isinyathelo sokucela usizo.
Phakathi kobunzima obuvame ukuhlangana nabo yi- ihlazo elihlobene nomzimba, the ukwesaba ukwahlulelwa kanye nokucwaswa okusahambisana nezinkinga zempilo yengqondo. Okwengeziwe kulokhu ukungaqapheli ubucayi: abantu abaningi benza imikhawulo yabo ibe ngokwejwayelekile, badla ngokweqile, noma baziphatha ngendlela yokuziphindiselela, noma bakholelwa ukuthi "basalawula" isimo.
Kuye kwaphawulwa futhi ukuntuleka okukhulu kolwazi ngezinsizakusebenza Izindawo zomphakathi nezibhedlela zinikeza izinsiza ezilinganiselwe, okushiya ezinye iziguli nemindeni yazo zingaqiniseki ukuthi zingaphendukela kuphi. Kwezinye izimo, isisusa esiphansi sokushintsha, isimo sengqondo esingesihle ngokwelashwa kwengqondo, noma ukuntuleka kokusekelwa okuvela endaweni ezikuyo yizinto ezibangela lokho.
Amaqembu asebenza kulezi zinhlelo zocwaningo asikisela ukuthi, uma ukufinyelela ekwelashweni kuzothuthukiswa, kubalulekile ukuklama amasu okuqwashisa athile kanye nokususa izinganekwane eziphathelene nokuphazamiseka kokudla. Umqondo uwukusondeza usizo lochwepheshe kulabo abaludingayo ngaphambi kokuba lesi sifo sibe yisifo esingamahlalakhona futhi sandise ukuhlupheka okuhambisana naso.
Ngokuhambisana nalokho, inani le- ukutholwa kusenesikhathi kanye nokwelashwa okunzima kakhulu, njengezinhlobo ezithile ze-Cognitive Behavioral Therapy eziqondisiwe zokuzisiza, ezingase zitholakale kalula kubantu abanqikaza ukuqala ukungenelela okujulile noma ukwamukelwa esibhedlela. ukwelashwa okunzima kakhulu Zingenza kube lula ukufinyelela futhi zinciphise ukugula okungapheli.
Indima yendawo ezungezile, ingcindezi yobuhle, kanye nezinkundla zokuxhumana
Ubusha bubhekwa njengesigaba esibucayi kakhulu sokuthuthukiswa kwezinkinga zokudla. Udokotela wezifo zengqondo nomcwaningi ULucía Gallego Deike (UNIR) Ixwayisa ngokuthi ingcindezi yokugqoka izingubo ezincane kakhulu nezingenamsebenzi ingabangela ukukhungatheka, ukukhathazeka, nezinkinga ezinkulu ngokudla, ikakhulukazi e-United States. amantombazane aphakathi kweminyaka eyi-12 neyi-15 ubudala.
Ucwaningo kule ndawo lubonisa ukuthi ubukhulu obunqunyelwe ezingutsheni zentsha Kuvuselela umuzwa wokungafaneleki komzimba othile ofanele. Ukungatholi usayizi otholakalayo, noma ukuthola ukuthi izinhlobo ezithile zinikeza amamodeli amancane kakhulu noma ngisho "usayizi owodwa ofanela bonke," kungabangela ukucindezeleka okukhulu kwengqondo kanye nemizwa yokuzenyeza.
Lokhu kunganeliseki ngomzimba, okuphindaphindiwe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kusiza ukubonakala kwe- ukuziphatha engoziniLezi zindlela zokuziphatha zifaka phakathi ukudla okunemingcele eminingi ngaphandle kokuqashwa ngudokotela, ukuqhathaniswa njalo nabanye, noma ukusebenzisa izindlela eziqine kakhulu ukuzama ukunciphisa isisindo. Kwezinye izimo, lezi zindlela zokuziphatha ziholela ku-anorexia nervosa noma i-bulimia.
Bebhekene nalesi simo, ochwepheshe batusa ukuguqula umndeni ube yi- isikhala sokuvimbela kanye nengxoxoKugcizelelwa isidingo sokukhuluma ngokukhululekile ngesimo somzimba, ukuba yiqembu, kanye nengcindezi yobuhle, ukugwema ukululaza lokho intsha ekuzwayo noma ukugxila ezingxoxweni ngesisindo kanye nokubukeka komzimba.
Imindeni, ochwepheshe kanye nezinhlelo zokunakekelwa kwempilo: impendulo exhunyiwe
Imiphakathi eminingana ezimele izama ukuqinisa impendulo yayo yezempilo. Ezweni laseBasque, isibonelo, I-Osakidetza iqinise inethiwekhi yayo yezinsizakusebenza ezikhethekile kokubili izingane kanye nabantu abadala, ngenhloso yokuqinisekisa ukuthi ukunakekelwa kuseduze ngangokunokwenzeka nendawo yokuhlala futhi kuhambisane nobunzima besimo ngasinye.
Emkhakheni wezingane nentsha, inethiwekhi yaseBasque ine amayunithi athile okulaliswa esibhedlela Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, kunezingxoxo ezijulile kanye nezinhlelo zokulaliswa esibhedlela kulabo abadinga ukubhekwa eduze ngaphandle kokulaliswa esibhedlela isikhathi eside. Lokhu kuhambisana nezinsiza ezintsha ezifana namakamelo okudlela okwelapha, lapho ubudlelwano nokudla buxazululwa khona ngqo endaweni egadiwe.
Ukuxhumana nge izinsizakalo zezingane kanye ne-endocrinology Ivumela ukubhekana nezinkinga zomzimba ezihambisana nezinkinga zokudla ngasikhathi sinye, okubalulekile uma kukhona ukungondleki kahle, ukungalingani kwama-hormone, noma ezinye izinkinga zezokwelapha ezifanele.
Inhlangano yendawo yenethiwekhi ihlose akukho siguli okufanele sihambe ngaphandle kwezwe laseBasque ukuthola ukwelashwa. EGipuzkoa, isibonelo, kukhona igumbi lokudlela lokwelapha kanye neyunithi yokulaliswa esibhedlela kwezingane nentsha; eBizkaia, izinhlelo ezithile kanye nokubonisana okukhethekile kweziguli zangaphandle kuye kwasetshenziswa; kanti e-Álava, izikhungo zokulaliswa esibhedlela kanye nezinhlelo zezokwelapha ezijulile ziye zahlanganiswa.
Uma kwenzeka kubantu abadala, i-Osakidetza ihlanganisa izibhedlela zasemini, imitholampilo ekhethekile kanye nokuxhumana kwangaphakathi okuseduze ngaphakathi kweNethiwekhi Yezempilo Yengqondo. Lesi sakhiwo sihlose ukuqinisekisa ukuqhubeka kokwelashwa kanye nokusabela okusheshayo kunoma yikuphi ukuncishiswa kwempilo.
Ucwaningo kanye nokusungula izinto ezintsha ekubhekaneni nezinkinga zokudla
Ukuthuthukiswa kwezempilo kusekelwe kakhulu ku- amaphrojekthi ocwaningo Bafuna ukuthuthukisa ukwelashwa futhi bakuvumelanise nesimo sangempela salabo abakutholayo. Isibonelo esisodwa yiphrojekthi ye-REBITA, ekhuthazwa yi-Bizkaia Mental Health Network kanye ne-Faculty of Health Sciences yase-University of Deusto, ngoxhaso oluvela kwi-"La Caixa" Foundation.
I-REBITA ihlose ukwenza guqula futhi uthuthukise ukungenelela Ihloselwe abantu abanezinkinga zokudla, le phrojekthi ibeka isiguli esiyinhloko senqubo yezokwelapha futhi inaka ngokukhethekile ukusekela imindeni kanye namanethiwekhi okusekela. Ngemva kokuqeda isigaba sokuqala sokutadisha, le phrojekthi manje isiqhubekela esigabeni sokuhlola esigxile ekusebenziseni nasekuhloleni amamodeli amasha okunakekelwa.
Umklamo wohlelo ugxile kumaphrofayili asengozini kakhulu, ikakhulukazi abesifazane neziguli ezinezimpawu ezinzimaNgesikhathi esifanayo, inikeza ochwepheshe amathuluzi engeziwe okusingatha amacala ayinkimbinkimbi nokuthuthukisa ukubambisana phakathi kwamazinga ahlukene okunakekelwa.
Lo msebenzi uhambisana nezinto eziza kuqala ezibekwe ku- Isivumelwano Sezempilo saseBasqueezinikele ekukhuthazeni ucwaningo kanye nokusungula izinto ezintsha empilweni yengqondo ukuze kuqiniswe ikhwalithi kanye nokufinyeleleka kokunakekelwa komphakathi. Umqondo oyisisekelo ukuthi yonke intuthuko yesayensi kufanele ihumushe ibe yintuthuko ebonakalayo empilweni yeziguli.
Okwamanje, amanye amayunithi okubhekisela kuwo, njenge- Isibhedlela saseBellvitge kanye ne-IDIBELLBagxile esidingweni sokuthuthukisa izindlela zokwelapha ezenzelwe wena ezicabangela ubuzwe bomphakathi wanamuhla kanye nezinqubo zokuzivumelanisa namasiko zabantu abafudukayo abanezinkinga zokudla.
Ukwahlukana kwamasiko amaningi, ubuntu, kanye nemiphumela yokwelashwa
Ithimba le-Bellvitge lihlaziye izici zezokwelapha, izici zobuntu kanye nokusabela ekwelashweni ezigulini ezingu-1.104 ezelashwe ngaphandle ngenxa yezinkinga zokudla, kuqhathaniswa iziguli ezingu-157 zabokufika neziguli ezingu-947 zomdabu zaseSpain.
Imiphumela ikhombisa ukuthi abokufika ngokuvamile babonisa Ukunamathela okuphansi ekwelashweniLokhu kuholela emiphumeleni yezokwelapha emibi kakhulu kanye nezinga eliphansi lokuphulukiswa uma kuqhathaniswa neziguli zasendaweni. Lokhu kudinga ukucabanga kabusha ngendlela ukungenelela kokwelapha okuklanywa futhi okusetshenziswa ngayo esimweni senhlalo esihlukahluka kakhulu.
Ngokuphathelene nephrofayili yengqondo, ucwaningo luthole ukuthi, eqenjini labokufika, kukhona isifiso esincane sokunciphisa isisindo kanye nokunganeliseki komzimba okuncaneKodwa-ke, ngesikhathi esifanayo, amazinga aphezulu okungathembi ebudlelwaneni bomuntu siqu, ukwesaba ukuvuthwa, ukufuna ukuphelela, kanye nezimpawu zokukhathazeka kuyabonwa.
Kulezi zici zomuntu ngamunye kunezelwa umthelela we Izinqubo zokushaqeka kwamasiko kanye nokukhulisa isikoOkusho ukuthi, ukuzivumelanisa nezimo kanye nokufuna ibhalansi phakathi kwesiko lendabuko kanye nelezwe elihlala kulo. Umehluko phakathi kwezindinganiso zobuhle zamasiko womabili ungaqinisa izimpawu zokuphazamiseka kokudla, ikakhulukazi uma umuntu egcina ukuxhumana okuqinile nezinkomba zakhe zamasiko zokuqala.
Ngenxa yalesi simo, abacwaningi bagcizelela ukuphuthuma kokusebenzisa ukwelashwa okuzwela amasiko nokusebenzayoKwenzelwe izidingo zomuntu ngamunye. Empeleni, lokhu kusho ukuguqula ulimi, izibonelo, ukuguquguquka kweqembu, kanye nendlela yokusebenza nemindeni, ukuze ukungenelela kucabangele iqiniso lezenhlalo namasiko lesiguli ngasinye.
Amadivayisi amasha nezikhungo ezikhethekile
Ngaphandle kwezinhlelo zomphakathi ezinkulu, nezinye izinhlelo ziyavela izikhungo ezikhethekile ezizinikele ezinkingeni zokudla Bafuna ukwandisa uhla lwabo lokwelashwa okujulile nokwelashwa ngaphandle kwesibhedlela. Isibonelo samuva nje yisikhungo saseNalu TCA, esiqale ukusebenza eTerrassa ngokuvulwa kweziguli ngezigaba.
Itholakala esakhiweni sangaphambili sebhange edolobheni, iNalu TCA izoqala ngokunikeza ukwelashwa kwengqondo komuntu ngamunye kanye nezinhlelo zokwelashwa okujulile ngaphandle kwesibhedlelaukugxila emsebenzini esitezi sokuqala sesakhiwo. Le phrojekthi ibona, esigabeni sesibili, ukuvulwa kweSibhedlela sasemini esitezi esiphansi, kusalinde izimvume ezivela kuMnyango Wezempilo.
Uma isebenza ngokugcwele, isikhungo sizoba amakamelo okunakwa komuntu ngamunye kanye nokwelashwa kweqembukanye nekhishi elinokwelapha kanye negumbi lokudlela, izindawo ezimbili ezibhekwa njengezibalulekile endleleni esebenzayo yokuxhumana nokudla kanye nemikhuba yokudla.
Isibikezelo sokuqala sibeka umthamo wezihlalo ezifika ku-24 kubantu abane-anorexia, i-bulimia, noma ezinye izinkinga zokudla. Inhloso yabagqugquzeli ukuhambisana nenethiwekhi yomphakathi ekhona futhi banikeze enye indlela eseduze yezakhamuzi zaseTerrassa kanye nendawo ezungezile.
Lezi zinhlobo zezinhlelo zibonisa ukunyakaza okubanzi okuqondiswe ku- izinsizakalo zokunakekela ezahlukahlukene itholakala eSpain, ihlanganisa izinsiza zesibhedlela, izibhedlela zasemini, imitholampilo ekhethekile yeziguli zangaphandle kanye nezikhungo ze-monographic ezivumela ukulungisa ubukhali bokwelashwa ngokwezidingo zecala ngalinye.
Konke lokhu kuthuthukiswa, kokubili maqondana nokunakekelwa kanye nocwaningo, kukhomba ushintsho endleleni esiqonda ngayo izinkinga zokudla: umthelela wazo njengenkinga yezempilo yomphakathi uyaqashelwa, ukuhlukahluka kwamasiko nobulili kwalabo abahlushwa yizo kuyaxazululwa, futhi kwenziwa imizamo yokunciphisa inani labantu abasala bengenalo usizo. Kusenendlela ende okufanele ihanjwe, kodwa inhlanganisela ukutholwa kusenesikhathi, izinsiza eziseduze, ukwesekwa kwemindeni, kanye nokusungula izinto ezintsha zokwelapha Kuvela njengendlela ethembisayo kakhulu yokunciphisa ukuhlupheka nokuthuthukisa ukubikezela kwalezi zinkinga eSpain nakulo lonke elaseYurophu.
