Siphila ezweni elinyakazayo Phakathi kwezinkinga zempilo, ukungazinzi komnotho, ukungazethembi kwemisebenzi, ushintsho olusheshayo kwezobuchwepheshe, kanye nokungezwani komphakathi okuqhubekayo, umuzwa wokuhlala uphikisana nokudla udala ukucindezeleka, ukukhathazeka, futhi kaningi, umbono wokuthi konke kuyakhungathekisa. Kulesi simo, umqondo wokuqina awuseyona nje umqondo wengqondo: usuyinto ebalulekile, cishe ikhithi yokusinda ngokomzwelo empilweni yansuku zonke.
Ukuqina okuphelele kusikisela okuthile okunesifiso esikhulu lokho "ukuyiqinisa" nje: kuhilela ukuhlanganisa umzimba, ingqondo, imizwa, ubudlelwano, umongo wezenhlalo ngisho umuzwa wethu ongokomoya noma umuzwa wenhlosohhayi nje kuphela ukukhuthazela, kodwa nokukhula phakathi kwesiyaluyalu. Akukhona ukuphika ubuhlungu noma ukwenza ukuhlupheka kube yinto ejabulisayo, kodwa kumayelana nokuqonda ukuthi singahlela kanjani kabusha izinsiza zethu zangaphakathi nezangaphandle ukuze siphume siqine ezimweni ezinzima.
Kuyini ukuqina okuphelele ezweni elinokuphazamiseka?
Igama elithi ukuqina livela ekuqaleni kwe-physicsIchaza ikhono lezinto ezithile lokuguquguquka ngaphansi kwengcindezi enkulu bese zibuyela esimweni sazo sokuqala ngaphandle kokuphuka. I-Psychology yasebenzisa leli gama ukuchaza ukuthi kungani abanye abantu, ngemva kokubhekana nezimo ezinzima kakhulu, bengagcini nje ngokululama kodwa futhi babonisa intuthuko yomuntu siqu enkulu kunaleyo ababenayo ngaphambi kokulimala.
Ngokwengqondo yakudala, ukuqina kwengqondo kuyinto Ikhono lokubhekana nezimo ezimbi kakhulu, ukuhlukumezeka, ukulahlekelwa, noma ukucindezeleka okukhulu, ukunciphisa umonakalo, futhi ezimweni eziningi, ukuguqula okuhlangenwe nakho okubuhlungu kube yithuba lokukhula. Akusona isivikelo noma ukuzivikela okumangalisayo ekuhluphekeni; kunalokho, yikhono lokwakha kabusha izinsiza zethu zengqondo nemizwa lapho konke kubonakala sengathi kuyawa.
Umbono ophelele uyandisa le ndlela futhi uyaqonda ukuqina njengento edlula amazinga amaningana: umuntu ngamunye (imizwa, imicabango, impilo yomzimbaLokhu kufaka phakathi ubudlelwano (umndeni, abangani, amanethiwekhi okusekela), izici zemfundo kanye nomsebenzi, ezisekelwe kwezenhlalo kanye nomphakathi, ngisho nezamakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo kanye nemizwa. Ngakho-ke, ukuqina okuphelele akugcini nje "ekubhekaneni nesiphepho" ezingeni lengqondo, kodwa kunalokho kuhlanganisa zonke izici ezithonya indlela esibhekana ngayo nobunzima.
Ezweni elinezinxushunxushu, lo mbono ophelele uyisihluthulelo Ngoba izinkinga aziseyona nje into yomuntu ngamunye. Ubhubhane, izinhlekelele zemvelo, izingxabano zomphakathi, kanye nezinguquko zomnotho womhlaba wonke kuthinta izigidi zabantu ngasikhathi sinye. Ngakho-ke, ukuqina akusabi yindaba yangasese nje futhi kuba yinselele ehlangene: imindeni, izikole, amabhizinisi, omakhelwane, kanye nemiphakathi yonke kumele ifunde ukuziqinisa nokuzihlela kabusha lapho ibhekene nobunzima.
Ababhali abafana noMichael Rutter noma uBoris Cyrulnik Bagcizelele ukuthi ukuqina komzimba akufani nokungavikeleki. Akusho ukuthi umuntu akahlupheki noma akabi nezimpawu lapho ebhekene nokulimala, kodwa kunalokho, naphezu kwesilonda, uyakwazi ukusihlanganisa nendaba yakhe yokuphila, asinike incazelo, futhi aqhubeke nokusebenza ngendlela evumelana nezimo, ngokuvamile enezinsizakusebenza eziningi nokuhlakanipha kunangaphambili.
Imvelaphi emfushane kanye nokuvela komqondo wokuqina
Igama elithi ukuqina langena kwi-psychology Lokhu kwasizwa yizifundo zokunamathelana nokukhula kwengane. UJohn Bowlby, iphayona kwethiyori yokunamathelana, wayephakathi kwabokuqala ukuba nesithakazelo endleleni abanye abantwana, naphezu kokukhula ezindaweni ezingezinhle kakhulu, ababonise ngayo izinga elihle lokuzivumelanisa nezimo.
Kamuva, uBoris Cyrulnik wawenza wathandwa lo mqondo. umphakathi jikelele, ikakhulukazi ngemisebenzi efana nethi “The Ugly Ducklings”. Umsebenzi wakhe ukhombisile ukuthi izingane nabantu abadala abadlule kokuhlangenwe nakho okukhulu (izimpi, ukuhlukunyezwa, ukulahlekelwa kwasebuntwaneni, ubumpofu obukhulu) bangakha kabusha izimpilo zabo zangaphakathi futhi bakhiqize indaba enengqondo yalokho abadlule kukho, baguqule inxeba libe umthombo wamandla abo siqu.
Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke, ukuqina kwaqala Ucwaningo ngempilo yengqondo, imfundo, umsebenzi wezenhlalo, i-epidemiology, ibhizinisi, kanye nokwakhiwa kwenqubomgomo yomphakathi lwaqala ukugxila hhayi kuphela kulabo abake babhekana nezinhlekelele, kodwa nakubantu ababhekene nokucindezeleka okungapheli, ingcindezi yomsebenzi, ubumpofu obuqhubekayo, noma izindawo zomndeni eziyinkimbinkimbi, befuna izinto ezibavumela ukuthi bahlale besebenza kahle futhi bephilile.
Ukuvela komqondo kuye kwashintsha Kusukela embonweni ocishe ube yingxenye yesibili (ukuba khona noma ukungabikho kwe-psychopathology) kuya ezindleleni ezinhle kakhulu, ezigxile ekhonweni, ekuziphatheni okuzivumelanisa nezimo, kanye nasekuthuthukisweni kwamandla. Namuhla, ukuqina kuqondakala njengokuqhubeka, lapho umuntu engaba namandla okuzivumelanisa nezimo kuye ngomongo, isigaba sokuphila, kanye nokusekelwa anakho.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingxoxo isivuliwe mayelana nokuthi ukuqina kufanele kubhekwe njengesici sobuntu esizinzile (okubizwa ngokuthi ubugovu obuqinilenoma inqubo eguquguqukayo, eguquguqukayo, futhi ethinta umongo. Impendulo eyamukelwa kabanzi namuhla ukuthi kunezimo eziyisisekelo (isimo sengqondo, izakhi zofuzo, isitayela sokuzwelana), kodwa indlela ethile ezivezwa ngayo incike kakhulu kokuhlangenwe nakho, ubudlelwano, kanye namathuba okusekelwa.
Umehluko phakathi kokuqina, ukumelana nokucindezeleka, kanye nokungathinteki
Kulula ukudideka ukuqina kwemizwa neminye imibono ehlobene nayo Le mibono ingachazwa njengokungathinteki, ukuqina kwengqondo, noma ukumelana nokucindezeleka, kodwa akufani. Ukucacisa la ma-nuances kusisiza siqonde kangcono lokho esikufunayo uma sikhuluma ngokuzinza okuphelele.
Ukungavikeleki kungasho ukuthiuhlobo lwesivikelo esiphelele emiphumeleni emibi yokuhlangenwe nakho okubi. Lowo mbono, ngezinga elikhulu, awulona iqiniso: cishe akekho ophuma engenamyocu ekulimaleni okukhulu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukubekezela kucabanga ukuthi umthelela ukhona, kodwa umuntu uyakwazi ukululama, ukuzivumelanisa nezimo, futhi ngokuvamile athuthuke ngale kwesiqalo sakhe.
Ukumelana nokucindezeleka kugxile kakhulu Kuyikhono lokubhekana nezimo ezinzima kakhulu ngaphandle kokuwohloka, bese ubuyela ekusebenzeni "okuvamile". Kuyisici esibalulekile, kodwa kuhlobene kakhulu nokucindezeleka okuhlala isikhathi eside kunokuguqula ulwazi lube ukukhula.
Ukuqina kuhlanganisa lelo khono lokululama Futhi kunezela okunye okwengeziwe: ithuba lokuphuma kulesi sigameko esibi ngokuvuthwa okukhulu ngokomzwelo, ukuzazi okukhulu, amakhono amasha okubhekana nesimo, kanye nomuzwa ojulile wenhloso. Yingakho ukuqina kuthiwa akugcini nje ngokuba okuphambene nokuba sengozini, kodwa futhi kuhlanganisa zonke izindawo zamakhono omuntu siqu: ngokomzwelo, engqondweni, kanye nangokwenhlalo.
Ikholi amandla engqondoLo mqondo, ofundwe kabanzi emkhakheni wezemidlalo kanye nokusebenza kahle, ubhekisela ezimweni zengqondo namakhono afana nokubekezelela ingcindezi, ukuphikelela, ukuqondiswa kwemigomo, kanye nokulawula imicabango ezimweni zokuncintisana. Nakuba uhlobene nokuqina, ukugxila kwawo okuyinhloko ukwenza kahle ngaphansi kokucindezeleka, hhayi ngempela ekuhlanganiseni ukulimala noma ukulahlekelwa okukhulu endabeni yokuphila komuntu.
Izici ezichaza futhi ziguqule ukuqina okuphelele
Uma ukuqina komzimba kuhlaziywa ngokupheleleKubalulekile ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwezici ezichaza lokhu (izici zangaphakathi ezivumela impendulo eqinile) kanye nalezo ezikuguqula (izingozi zomuntu siqu kanye nezemvelo noma izinto ezivikelayo ezenza kube lula noma zivimbele lokhu kusabela).
Izici eziyingozi yilezo zimo Izici ezandisa amathuba okuba umuntu asabele kabi ebunzimeni zifaka phakathi ubumpofu obukhulu, ubudlova basekhaya, ukuhlukaniswa nabantu, izinkinga ezinkulu zempilo, ukusetshenziswa kabi kwezidakamizwa, kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho kokulahlwa kwasekuqaleni. Azinqumi umphumela, kodwa ziyenza ibe ngcono kakhulu.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izici zokuvikelaLezi yizinsiza zangaphakathi nezangaphandle ezivikela umthelela wokucindezeleka futhi zikhuthaze izimpendulo ezinempilo: ukwesekwa ngokomzwelo okuzinzile, ukunamathelana okuvikelekile, izibonelo ezinhle, amathuba emfundo, isimo sesikole esamukelekayo, amanethiwekhi omphakathi, ukufinyelela izinsizakalo zezempilo, kanye nezici zomuntu siqu ezifana... ukuzihlonipha, ukuzikhandla kanye nendawo yangaphakathi yokulawula.
Ngombono ophelele, akwanele ukugxila Engqondweni yomuntu ngamunye, umndeni, isikole, indawo yokusebenza, omakhelwane, kanye nezinqubomgomo zomphakathi zidlala indima ebalulekile njengesivikelo noma njengomthombo owengeziwe wengozi. Imindeni ebumbene, enokuxhumana okuhle, uthando, ukuguquguquka, kanye nemithetho ecacile, ivame ukusebenza njengezithuthukisi ezibalulekile zokuqina kwamalungu ayo.
Emkhakheni wezemfundoLolu cwaningo luhlola kokubili isimo sokuqina kwabafundi (indlela ababhekana ngayo nobunzima, indlela abaphatha ngayo ukwehluleka kwezemfundo noma izimo zomuntu siqu ezinzima) kanye nokuqina kwabasebenzi bokufundisa ngokwabo, abavame ukubhekana namazinga aphezulu okucindezeleka. Luphinde luhlole indima yesikole njengendawo evikelayo, enikeza ukwesekwa ngokomzwelo, amathuba okuphumelela, kanye namamodeli okubhekana nobunzima asebenzayo, kanye nezindlela ezithathwe ku-[umbhalo olandelayo ubonakala uyingxenye ehlukile, engahlobene:] imibono yokufunda ezenza kube lula izindawo zokufunda eziphephile.
Ezingeni lezenhlalo nelomphakathiSikhuluma ngokuzinza kwemiphakathi yonke: imiphakathi ekwazi ukuzihlela kabusha ngemva kwezinhlekelele zemvelo, amanethiwekhi omphakathi asekelanayo lapho kubhekene nenkinga yezomnotho, noma izikhungo ezakha amasu asebenzayo okunciphisa ukulimala ezimweni zobudlova noma ukukhishwa inyumbazane. Izinqubomgomo zomphakathi ezikhuthaza ubumbano, ukulingana, kanye nokufinyelela izinsiza eziyisisekelo ziba yizinto ezibalulekile lapha. Leli khono elihlangene lokululama lixhunyaniswe ne ukuqina komphakathi kanye nekhwalithi yobudlelwano bomphakathi.
Izici zengqondo zabantu abanamandla
Ucwaningo luthole isethi yezimpawu kanye namakhono avame ukuvela kaningi kulabo ababonisa ukuqina okuphezulu. Akulona uhlu oluvaliwe noma uhlu lokuhlola oluyimpoqo, kodwa luyimephu ewusizo kakhulu.
Enye yezinsika ukuzazi okungokoqoboAbantu abazimisele banokuqonda okucacile kwamandla abo kanye nokulinganiselwa kwabo. Lokhu kubavumela ukuba bazibekele imigomo ehambisana nezinsizakusebenza zabo, bacele usizo lapho beludinga, futhi bagweme ukucindezelwa ukufuna izinto ezingenakwenzeka kubo. Umsebenzi ku- Ukuzazi okungokoqobo kuyinto ebalulekile kulesi sigaba.
Ubuciko budlala indima evelele.Ebhekene nesimo "esiphukile", umuntu oqinile akazami nje ukwenza konke kubuyele endleleni okwakuyiyo. Bayakwamukela ukuthi ezinye izinto zishintshe unomphela futhi bafuna izindlela ezintsha, ngezinye izikhathi ezingokoqobo kakhulu, zokuvuselela impilo yabo ngalokho okusele, baguqule umonakalo ube yinto ewusizo noma eyigugu.
Ezinye izinto eziyisisekelo zihlanganisa ukuzethemba emakhonweni akho., ukuthambekela kokuhumusha ubunzima njengamathuba okufunda, ikhono lokulawula imizwa (esikhundleni sokuzama ukulawula zonke izimo zangaphandle) kanye nokuguquguquka okwanele kokubukeza nokulungisa imigomo lapho kudingeka.
Ukuhleka kanye nokuba nethemba elingokoqobo Lezi futhi yizici ezivamile. Akuyona inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ephika ukuhlupheka, kodwa kunalokho inkolelo ejulile yokuthi, noma ngabe isikhathi samanje sibi, kungenzeka ukwakha ikusasa elingcono. Lokhu "kuthemba" kuvame ukuhambisana nekhono lokuzihleka wena kanye nosizi lomuntu ngaphandle kokuzithatha kalula.
Okokugcina, abantu abanamandla bavame ukuhlakulela amanethiwekhi okusekela.Abacabangi ngokuzikhandla njengokuzivocavoca kweqhawe eliyedwa, kodwa njengenqubo ehlanganyelwe lapho ukucela usizo, ukulunikeza kanye nokuthembela kwabanye kuyingxenye ebalulekile yohambo.
Ukuqina njengesimo, isimo, kanye nomkhuba
Abanye abalobi banamuhla basikisela ukuqonda ukuqina ngokombono onezinhlangothi ezintathu: njengesimo, njengesimo, kanye nomkhuba wansuku zonke.
Ukuqina njengombuso kubhekisela ku- kuqoqo lamakhono abonakala kumuntu ngesikhathi esithile: ikhono elingokomzwelo (umqondo ophilile wokuzicabangela, ukuphathwa kwemizwa, umuzwa wokuhlekisa), ikhono lokuxhumana nabantu (ikhono lokudala nokugcina ubudlelwano obuzinzile, uzwela, ukuxhumana) kanye nokuqondiswa kwesikhathi esizayo (injongo yokuphila, ithemba, ukuguquguquka).
Njengesimo, ukuqina komzimba kubhekisela Lezi yizici esingazithonya ukuze siqinise lokhu: izinhlelo zemfundo engokomzwelo, izindawo zomndeni nezesikole ezisekelayo, izinqubomgomo zomphakathi ezinciphisa umthelela wokungalingani, ukuqeqeshwa kwamakhono okubhekana nezimo, njalo njalo. Yilapho konke okungenziwa ukuze kunikezwe abantu abaningi ithuba lokuncintisana kuqala khona.
Ukuqina njengomkhuba ogxile kuwo "ngendlela" yokuphila kwansuku zonke: indlela esichaza ngayo okwenzekayo kithi, amasu esiwasebenzisayo ukulawula ukucindezeleka, isinqumo sokucela ukwesekwa, indlela esikhuluma ngayo ngezinto esizibonile, amasiko omuntu siqu asisiza ukuba sizisekele (kusukela ekuzivocavoceni ngokomzimba kuya ekuzindleni noma ekuhlanganyeleni emaqenjini omphakathi).
Lo mbono onezinhlangothi ezintathu ufanelana kahle kakhulu. ngendlela ephelele, ngoba ihlanganisa lokho esiyikho, okusizungezile nalokho esikwenzayo njalo, okusikhumbuza ukuthi ukuqina akuyona inkinobho evuliwe noma evaliwe, kodwa inqubo yokwakha unomphela.
Indlela ukuqina okulinganiswa ngayo kanye nemingcele yako
Ukulinganisa ukuqina komzimba kuyindaba ebuhlungu ngempela Lokhu kuyinkinga yocwaningo, ngoba nje ayikho incazelo eyodwa eyamukelwa emhlabeni wonke. Noma kunjalo, kuthuthukiswe izinsimbi nezikali ezahlukene ukuze kulinganiswe lokhu kwakhiwa.
Enye yezinkinga ezinkulu ukusungula Iyini isisekelo: siqhathanisa ukusabela kokuqina nobani? Yiliphi iqembu esilisebenzisayo? Ngaphezu kwalokho, iminyaka ngayinye, isiko, kanye nohlobo lobunzima kudinga ukucabangela okuncane: ukuhlola ukuqina ezinganeni akufani nokuhlola kubantu abadala, noma ezisulwini zobudlova njengakubantu ababhekene nokucindezeleka okungapheli okuhlobene nomsebenzi.
Izindlela zokuhlola zihlanganisa imithombo eyahlukahlukeneImibiko yokuzibika, imibuzo, ukubuka ukuziphatha, izingxoxo zezokwelapha, kanye, kwezinye izimo, izinkomba zokusebenza kwezemfundo noma komsebenzi zisetshenziselwa ukuhlola ukuqina. Izikali ezifana ne-Brief Resilience Scale (BRS) zizama ukulinganisa ikhono "lokubuyela emuva" ngemva kokucindezeleka, kodwa zihlala ziyizilinganiso ezilinganiselwe.
Esinye isithiyo ukungacaci kwemigomo njengokuhlukumezeka noma ukucindezeleka kwangemva kwenhlekelele. Isimo esifanayo singabhekana nomuntu oyedwa njengesibi kakhulu futhi siphathwe ngomunye, futhi lokhu kuthinta kakhulu ukuchazwa kwedatha. Ezimweni zokuphathwa kabi, ukuhlukunyezwa, noma izinhlekelele, isibonelo, kusenempikiswano mayelana nokuthi yiziphi izinto eziguquguqukayo ezibaluleke kakhulu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezici eziyinkimbinkimbi zokuhlanganisa njengomqondo ongaphezu kovamile wokuphila, ingokomoya, noma inkolo. Kwabanye abantu, ukholo lwabo noma uhlelo lwabo lwenkolelo lusebenza njengesici esinamandla sokuqina; kwabanye, aludlali indima ebalulekile. Lolu cwaningo luzama ukuthola ukuthi lezi zinto ziyingxenye yomgogodla wokuqina noma ama-modulator omongo.
Kunoma ikuphi, ukuhlola izinga lokuqina Kubalulekile ukucabangela kokubili izinsiza zangaphakathi (ukuzethemba, ukusebenza kahle, ukulawula okubonwayo) kanye nezinsiza zangaphandle (ukusekelwa komndeni, amanethiwekhi okuxhumana nabantu, indawo yesikole noma yomsebenzi), ngaphandle kokukhohlwa ukuthi lokhu kokugcina kungaba yinto enqumayo ukuthi umuntu ahlale endaweni enobutha kakhulu.
Izinqubo zokuthuthukisa ukuqina kukho konke ukuphila
Omunye wemibuzo emikhulu ukuthi ingabe ukuqina komzimba Ingabe yinto ozalwa nayo noma into oyifundayo? Impendulo ecacile ukuthi kunezimo ezingokwemvelo nezingokwengqondo ezenza kube lula ukuphendula okuthile, kodwa ukuqina, njengoba sikuqonda namuhla, ngokuyinhloko kuyikhono elakhiwa futhi lathuthukiswa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Ebuntwaneni, ukunamathela okuphephile ezibalweni zokunamathisela Kuyisici esibalulekile. Ingane ezizwa ivikelekile, iqinisekisiwe, futhi isekelwa ithuthukisa umuzwa wangaphakathi wokuzethemba oyoyisiza ukuthi ibhekane kangcono nezinselele kanye nokukhungatheka kamuva. Lokhu kuvikeleka kokuqala kusebenza njengesivikelo ekucindezelekeni.
Ukuchayeka okulawulwayo engcupheni Kubonakala kubalulekile futhi: akukhona ukuvikela ngokweqile noma "ukuqinisa" izingane ngezinyathelo ezinzima, kodwa mayelana nokuzivumela ukuthi zibhekane nobunzima obufanele ubudala, ngokusekelwa nokuqondiswa, ukuze zithole ukuthi zingakwazi ukubhekana nezimo futhi zivuke lapho ziwela.
Phakathi nesikhathi sobusha kanye nobudalaUkuqina kwakheka ukuqongelela okuhlangenwe nakho okuhle (impumelelo, ubudlelwano obuhle, ukuqashelwa) kanye nokubi (ukwehluleka, ukulahlekelwa, izinkinga zempilo). Izinguquko ezibalulekile njengobudlelwano obubalulekile bokusekelana, isibonelo esihle somuntu omdala, umsebenzi ozinzile, noma umphakathi owamukelayo kungashintsha kakhulu indlela yokuphila komuntu.
Ingqondo enhle ibe negalelo Lokhu kukhombisa ukuthi ukuhlakulela izimo zengqondo ezakhayo, ukuqinisa umuzwa wokuhleka, ukukhuthaza imizwa emihle, nokukhuthaza ukuziphatha okunempilo kungandisa ukuqina. Lokhu okuhlangenwe nakho okuhle kusebenza ngokuqondile, kukhuthaza inhlalakahle, kanye nangokungaqondile, kunciphisa umthelela wokucindezeleka.
Ukuqina kwezingane ngezikhathi ezinzima
Uma sifuna abancane babhekane nokuphila Ngamandla angokomzwelo, kubalulekile ukusebenza ekuqiniseni kwabo kusukela besebancane, kodwa ngaphandle kokuya ngokweqile ekufuneni ukuvuthwa abangakakulungeli. Ukugxila kufanele kube ekusekeleni, hhayi ukubaqinisa.
Ukufundisa ukuqina kuhilela, okokuqalaUkwakha ubuhlobo obuqinile: thola induduzo ngokomzwelo, uqinisekise imizwa yabo, ubanikeze induduzo lapho beyidinga, futhi ubeke imingcele yothando. Akukhona ukubavimbela ukuba bangawi, kodwa ukuba lapho ukuze ubasize bavuke lapho bezilimaza.
Ukuvikela ngokweqile kungaba yinkingaNgoba kuthumela umlayezo oyimfihlo wokuthi ingane "ayikwazi ukukwenza yodwa," kunciphisa umuzwa wayo wokusebenza kahle. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuyibeka engozini yangempela noma ezindaweni ezinolaka ngaphansi komqondo wokuthi lokhu "kuzoyenza ibe lukhuni" kuyingozi ngokulinganayo. Isihluthulelo ukunikeza izinselele ezilawulekayo, kanye nenetha lokuphepha labantu abadala.
Umbuzo owusizo kakhulu lapho ingane ibhekene Indlela engcono kakhulu yokubhekana nobunzima ukubuza: “Yini ongayifunda kulokhu?” noma “Ingabe kukhona okuhle ongakuthola kulokho okwenzekile?” Le mibuzo, ebuzwa ngozwela futhi ngaphandle kokunciphisa ubuhlungu bayo, ihlakulela umbono oguquguqukayo nowakhayo ngamaphutha nokukhungatheka.
Kubalulekile futhi ukubafundisa ukubeka izinto ngendlela efanele. Akufanele baphinde bazididanise nokwehluleka kwabo. Ukuhambisana nemizwa yabo, ukubabonisa ukuthi sithembele emandleni abo okubhekana nobunzima, nokubakhuthaza ukuba bazame futhi kuyizinto eziyisisekelo, kancane kancane, ezakha isisekelo esiqinile sesikhathi esizayo.
Ukuqinisa ukuqina emindenini, ezikoleni nasemiphakathini
Ukuqina akukwakhelwa ngaphakathi kuphela womuntu; futhi kwakheka ubudlelwano abulondolozayo kanye nezimo aphila kuzo. Ngakho-ke, ukusebenza ekuqiniseni okuphelele kuhilela ukungenelela emndenini, esikoleni nasemphakathini.
Emndenini, kuye kwabonakala izici ezithile. Ziqinisa ikhono lawo wonke amalungu azo lokusingatha ubunzima: umbono ohlanganyelwe wezinkinga, umuzwa wenhloso, ingokomoya noma izindinganiso ezihlanganyelwe (hhayi ngempela inkolo), ukukhulumisana okuvulekile, izivumelwano ezicacile ngemithetho nezindima, ukuguquguquka kokuzivumelanisa nezinguquko, isikhathi esisezingeni eliphezulu kanye nezikhala zokuzijabulisa okuhlanganyelwe.
Isikole singaba yisici esikhulu sokuvikela lapho inikeza indawo ephephile nesekelayo, othisha abazwela izidingo ezingokomzwelo zabafundi, izinhlelo zemfundo yezenhlalo-ngokomzwelo, ukwesekwa kobunzima bezemfundo, kanye namathuba engane ngayinye okuzwa impumelelo nokuqashelwa.
Emkhakheni obanzi wezenhlaloIzinqubomgomo ezikhuthaza ukuzinza kwemisebenzi, ukuvikelwa komphakathi okuyisisekelo, ukufinyelela izinsizakalo zempilo yengqondo, ukufakwa kwamaqembu asengozini, kanye nokubamba iqhaza kwezakhamuzi ekwenzeni izinqumo kusebenza njengabakhiqizi bangempela bokuqina komphakathi.
Izindawo ezinempilo aziqedi isidingo Ukusekelwa kokwelashwa kuvame ukudingeka. Umuntu angabonisa izinga eliphezulu lokukwazi ngaphandle ngenkathi ngesikhathi esifanayo ehlushwa ukuzethemba okuphansi noma izimpawu zangaphakathi ezidinga ukungenelela kochwepheshe. Ngakho-ke, ukuqinisa ukuqina akuthathi indawo yokwelashwa kwengqondo uma kudingeka.
Isisekelo sokuqina kwe-neurobiological kanye ne-genetic
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, i-neuroscience ingenile Behileleke kakhulu ocwaningweni lokuzivumelanisa nezimo, banikela ngemininingwane ethakazelisayo, nakuba iseyiyo yokuqala. Umqondo oyinhloko ukuthi indlela ubuchopho bethu kanye nesistimu yamahomoni ezisabela ngayo ekucindezelekeni kuthonya ikhono lethu lokukulawula.
I-neurohypophyseal-adrenal axis, ephethe Ukukhishwa kwe-cortisol ezimweni ezisongelayo kubonakala kudlala indima ebalulekile. Umuntu onekhono elihle lokulawula angaphakamisa izinga lakhe lokuqaphela lapho kudingeka bese enciphisa i-cortisol ngempumelelo lapho ingozi isidlulile. Lokhu "kulinganisela okulungisiwe" kungaba yisisekelo sebhayoloji sokuqina.
Umehluko nawo ubonwe Kuhilelekile ukusebenza kwezindawo ezithile zobuchopho ezihlobene nokuphathwa kwemizwelo, inkumbulo yezinto ezingezinhle, kanye nekhono lokuguqula ngokuhlakanipha izehlakalo ezibuhlungu. Izakhiwo zesistimu ye-limbic, kanye nokuhlukaniswa okuthile phakathi kwezingxenye zesokudla nesobunxele, kubonakala sengathi zihilelekile kule nqubo.
Ezingeni lezakhi zofuzo, amaphuzu ocwaningo Isizathu ukuthi akukho "gene yokuqina kokuqina" eyodwa, kodwa kunalokho inhlanganisela yezinhlobo ezahlukene ezinikeza ukuthambekela okukhulu noma okuncane ezinkingeni zokucindezeleka. Izakhi zofuzo ezihlobene nokulawulwa kwama-neurotransmitter njenge-serotonin (5-HTT) kanye ne-monoamine oxidase (MAO-A) zithonya indlela esicubungula ngayo okuhlangenwe nakho okubi kanye nethuba lokuthuthukisa i-psychopathology kumongo ofanayo.
Amamaki afana ne-dehydroepiandrosterone I-Neuropeptide Y kanye namanye ama-neuropeptides afundwe maqondana nekhono lawo lokunciphisa umthelela wokucindezeleka okubuhlungu. Kodwa-ke, isiphetho siphelele sicacile: izakhi zofuzo zibangela ukwenzeka, kodwa indawo ezungezile (ubudlelwano, imfundo, okuhlangenwe nakho) ilawula ngamandla umphumela wokugcina.
Ukuqina okusetshenziselwa impilo yansuku zonke kanye nezwe lanamuhla
Ngaphandle kwemfundiso, ukuqina kudlalwa. ezimweni ezithile kakhulu ekuphileni kwethu kwansuku zonke: ukulahlekelwa umsebenzi, ukubhekana nesifo esingamahlalakhona, ukuhlukana nomuntu, ukwehluleka emsebenzini, ukuzwa usizi, ukuzivumelanisa noshintsho olungalindelekile lomsebenzi, noma ukusinda enhlekeleleni yemvelo.
Umuntu oqinile, lapho ebhekene nokulahlekelwa umsebenziAngase azizwe esaba noma edabukile, kodwa uvame ukuhlaziya amakhono akhe, avuselele ukuqeqeshwa kwakhe, avuselele inethiwekhi yakhe, futhi afune amathuba amasha, kunokuba aphelelwe amandla ngenxa yokukhononda. Ngokuvamile, usebenzisa lesi simo ukuze azivuselele ngobungcweti.
Lapho ubhekene nesifo esingamahlalakhonaUkuqina kuhumusha njengokuthola ulwazi, ukulandela ukwelashwa, ukulungisa imikhuba yokuphila, ukufuna amaqembu okusekelana, kanye nokuxhumana kabusha nalokho okunikeza incazelo ekuphileni, ukulungisa amaphrojekthi ngaphandle kokuyeka impilo egcwele.
Ezinkingeni zomndeni noma zomuntu siqu zomnothoUmbono oqinile uholela ekuhleleni kabusha izindleko, ekufuneni eminye imithombo yemali engenayo, ekuceleni usizo uma kudingeka, nasekuqiniseni ubumbano lwangaphakathi, esikhundleni sokuhlala uphelelwe yithemba kuphela.
Ngemva kokwehluleka emsebenzini noma kwezemfundoUmuntu okwazi ukumelana nesimo uhlaziya lokho okungasebenzanga, athole izifundo azifundile, alungise isu lakhe, bese ezama futhi ngolwazi olwengeziwe kanye nokuba ngokoqobo. Iphutha liba uthisha, hhayi isahlulelo sokugcina.
Esimweni esihlangene sezwe elinokuphazamisekaUkuqina okuphelele kusimema ukuthi sihlanganise ukuzinakekela (impilo yengqondo neyomzimba, ukuzinakekela), ukunakekelwa kobudlelwano (ubudlelwano obusekelayo, umphakathi), kanye nokuzibandakanya komphakathi (ukubamba iqhaza ezinhlelweni ezenza indawo ezungezile ibe lula futhi ifaneleke). Lo mkhuba wesithathu cishe ungenye yamasu amahle kakhulu okuziphilisa phakathi kokungaqiniseki okuningi kangaka.
Uma siqonda ukuqina njengobuchule Njengoba kunezinto eziningi futhi kuqeqesheka, asisakuboni "njengesipho" esigcinelwe abambalwa abakhethiwe. Kuyiqiniso ukuthi akuwona wonke umuntu oqala endaweni efanayo: izakhi zofuzo, isimo sengqondo, umlando womndeni, kanye nesimo senhlalo kwenza umehluko omkhulu. Kodwa, ngaphakathi kwalezo zimo, kuhlale kunendawo yokuqinisa ikhono lethu lokubhekana nobunzima, ukuthembela kwabanye, nokwakha izindaba zokuphila, ngisho noma zifaka ubuhlungu, ezingachazwanga yibo kuphela.
