Namuhla, i-psychology iyinsimu ebanzi enezindlela eziningi zemfundiso ezisebenza njengezinkomba zochwepheshe. Lezi zindlela, ezisebenza cishe njengemibono, zibeka indinganiso yokuthi ungahlaziya kanjani ukuziphatha nokuthi yiziphi izindlela okufanele uzisebenzise emisebenzini yansuku zonke. Enye yezindlela ezinethonya kakhulu, futhi eqhubeka nokuba nomthelela omkhulu, ukuziphatha, yize manje sekuvame ukutholakala kuhlanganiswe nendlela yokuqonda nokuziphatha . Sivame ukugxila esithombeni sokuhlolwa kwezilwane, kodwa iqiniso liwukuthi iminikelo yayo ijule kakhulu futhi ihlukahlukene kakhulu.
Ukukhuluma ngokuziphatha kusho ukukhuluma ngesikole sokucabanga esikhethe ukugxila kulokho esingakubona futhi sikulinganise. Ngokungafani nezinye izikole ezilahleka ezinkingeni zengqondo, lo mkhakha ugxile emithethweni evamile elawula ukuziphatha kwabantu nezilwane. Kwabaqalayo abaziphatha ngendlela ethile, lokho esikubiza ngokuthi "ingqondo" akuyona into engaphezu kokucabanga; okubalulekile ukuxhumana kwangempela phakathi kwesikhuthazo kanye nempendulo esiyibangelayo kumongo othize, ukubeka eceleni izimfihlakalo zangaphakathi kwengqondo.
Kuyini ngempela ukuziphatha?
Lo mbono ubheka izidalwa eziphilayo njengohlobo lwe- blank slate . Lokhu kusho ukuthi asizalwa sinekusasa elinqunywa izakhi zofuzo zethu, kodwa kunalokho ukuziphatha kwethu kulolongwa yimibono ehlukahlukene yokufunda , ukuqinisa, kanye nezijeziso esizithola endaweni esikuyo. Esikhundleni sokufuna izimbangela ezimweni zemvelo noma emicabangweni ejulile, ukuziphatha kugcizelela ukuthi ukuziphatha kuncike kakhulu kumongo wemvelo.
Kwabasekeli balesi sikole sokucabanga, izinqubo zobuchopho aziyona imbangela eyinhloko yezenzo zethu, kodwa kunalokho ukusabela okubangelwa ukusebenzisana nomhlaba. Lo mbono ubaholela ekucabangeni ukuthi "izifo zengqondo" azikho ngomqondo wendabuko webhayoloji, ngoba ukuthi ukuziphatha kuyisifo yini kuncike ekufanelekeni kwako kumongo . Ngakho-ke, bavame ukungabaza ukusetshenziswa kwemithi kuphela ukwelapha ama-phobia noma i-OCD, bakhetha ukungenelela ekuziphatheni ngokwako.
Imiqondo eyinhloko yokugwema ukulahleka
Ukuze siqale, sidinga ukuqonda amagama ayisisekelo akha isisekelo salo lonke ithiyori. Okokuqala, sine- stimulus , okuyinoma yisiphi isignali noma umcimbi obangela ukusabela. Sibiza lokho kusabela ngokuthi impendulo . Uma lokhu kokubili kuhlanganiswa ngokufunda, sikubiza ngokuthi i-conditioning.
Bese kuba nemiphumela. Uma isenzo silandelwa yinto ekhulisa amathuba okuphindaphinda kwaso, sithola ukuqiniswa . Ngokuphambene nalokho, uma umphumela ubangela ukuthi ukuziphatha kunyamalale noma kunciphe, sikhuluma ngesijeziso . Lezi zinto yizo ezivumela izazi zengqondo ukuthi zenze lokho okubizwa ngokuthi ukuhlaziywa kokuziphatha okusebenzayo , zibone ukuthi yini ebangela ukuziphatha nokuthi yini ekugcina ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Abalingiswa abaphambili kanye nokuvela kwesikole
Nakuba uWilhelm Wundt abeka izisekelo ze-psychology yokuhlola ngelebhu yakhe yokuqala, ukuziphatha okunjalo kwazalwa noJohn B. Watson ngo-1913. UWatson washintsha esuka ekuzihloleni waya ekubukeni okuqondile, ephikisana ngokuthi i-psychology kufanele ibe yisayensi yemvelo. Ukuhlola kwakhe no- Little Albert kwakubalulekile futhi kuyimpikiswano, njengoba kwabonisa ukuthi ukwesaba kungalungiswa, okufakazela ukuthi ukuziphatha komuntu kuyabikezelwa futhi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, kungashintshwa.
Ngale ndlela, uWatson wasebenzisa umsebenzi ka- Ivan Pavlov , owathola indlela yokulungisa ukudla yakudala. UPavlov waphawula ukuthi izinja zakhe zazikhipha amathe hhayi kuphela lapho zibona ukudla, kodwa futhi nalapho zikhala insimbi uma ihlanganiswa nokudla ngokuphindaphindiwe. Lapha sibona ukuthi isikhuthazo esingathathi hlangothi singagcina kanjani sibangele impendulo ezenzakalelayo yezinto eziphilayo.
Kamuva, u-Edward Thorndike wethula indlela yokulungisa izinsimbi zomculo namakati akhe emabhokisini ephazili. Wakha umthetho wokusebenza : uma isenzo sinomphumela owanelisayo, cishe sizophindeka. Lokhu kwavula indlela yomuntu ovelele kakhulu wokunyakaza: u-B.F. Skinner.
USkinner wathatha ukuziphatha ngendlela eyeqile ngokuziphatha ngendlela eyeqisayo . Esebenzisa amabhokisi akhe adumile, wahlaziya isimo sokusebenza, lapho ukuziphatha kugcinwa noma kucinywa khona kuye ngemiphumela yako. Wethula imiqondo yokuqinisa okuhle (ukunikeza umvuzo) kanye nokuqinisa okubi (ukususa okuthile okungathandeki) ukuze kulolonge ukuziphatha. Kuye, ngisho nomcabango uwuhlobo lokuziphatha ngamazwi.
Ukuhlukahluka kwezindlela kanye noguquko lokuqonda
Ukuziphatha akuyona uhlelo olulodwa. Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene ezifana nokuziphatha kukaKantor , okubheka ukuziphatha njengokuxhumana kwesihloko nendawo, noma ukuziphatha kukaTolman , okusikisela ukuthi sakhe amamephu okuqonda , sivuma ukuthi kunezinjongo nezinhloso ngemuva kwezenzo zethu. Abanye, njengoHull, bagxile ezintweni eziphilayo kanye nemikhuba elinganiswa ngokwezibalo.
Cishe ngawo-50, isimo sashintsha ngoguquko lokuqonda . Ababhali abanjengoNoam Chomsky bamgxeka kakhulu uSkinner, bethi ulimi alufundwa ngokuqinisa kuphela, kodwa lunesisekelo sofuzo kanye nekhono lokuqonda . Lokhu kwabangela ukuqonda, okwagxila kabusha ezinqubweni zengqondo. Kodwa-ke, esikhundleni sokuphela, ukuziphatha kwahlangana nakho ukuze kuvele ukwelashwa kokuqonda nokuziphatha , okuyisindinganiso segolide manje ngenxa yesisekelo saso sesayensi.
Izicelo ezisebenzayo: Kusukela ekilasini kuya emtholampilo
Emkhakheni wezemfundo, ukuziphatha kube yimbangela yoshintsho. Ukusetshenziswa kwemivuzo nodumo ukukhuthaza ukubamba iqhaza noma ukuziphatha okuhle kuyindlela yokuziphatha esetshenziswayo. Kuvumela ukwakhiwa kwezinhlelo zokungenelela eziphumelela kakhulu zezingane ezinokukhubazeka kokukhula noma ubunzima bokufunda, ngokusekelwe ekubunjweni kokuziphatha.
Ekwelapheni, ukwelashwa kokuziphatha kugxile ekushintsheni ukuziphatha okuyinkinga. Amanye amasu abalulekile afaka:
- Ukungazweli okuhleliwe: kancane kancane veza isiguli ekwesabeni ukuze kuqedwe ukukhathazeka.
- Ukuqothulwa: yeka ukuqinisa ukuziphatha okungafuneki ukuze ekugcineni kuphele.
- Ukumodela: ukuthi isiguli silingisa ukuziphatha okufanele okuboniswa ngumelaphi.
- Umnotho wethokheni: uhlelo lwemivuzo eqongelelekayo yokuqinisa imikhuba emihle.
Ngisho nezindlela zokwelapha zesizukulwane sesithathu, njenge- Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) , zisindise izimiso zokuziphatha okunolaka ukuze zelaphe ukucindezeleka noma izinkinga zobuntu, zigxile emsebenzini wokuziphatha kunasesimweni sako.
Izibani nezithunzi: Ukugxekwa kwemodeli
Akuyona yonke into enconywayo. Abaningi bagxeka ukuziphatha ngokuzithiba , njengoba kungayinaki imizwa nenkululeko yokuzikhethela, kuphatha abantu njengezinto ezingenzi lutho ezisabela kuphela ezintweni ezishukumisayo. Kuye kwabizwa nangokuthi ukusebenza ngokuqhathanisa ngokweqile i-psychology yabantu ne-psychology yezilwane nokunganaki ubunzima besimiso sezinzwa.
Mhlawumbe ibala elimnyama kakhulu yindlela yokwelapha yokucasuka eyayisetshenziswa esikhathini esidlule ukuzama ukushintsha indlela abantu abaziphatha ngayo ngokocansi ngokusebenzisa ukushaqeka kukagesi, umkhuba manje obhekwa njengohlukunyezwa futhi ongasebenzi nhlobo. Naphezu kwalokhu, abaphenyi bamanje bathi izindlela zabo yizona eziqinisekiswe kakhulu ngokwesayensi nokuthi basebenzisa ulimi oluhlukile ukutadisha izinqubo zengqondo, bezibheka njengokuziphatha okuyimfihlo.
Le nhlangano ishintshe isayensi yezengqondo ngokubeka isidingo sokungakhethi kanye nokulinganisa. Kusukela ekuziphendukeleni kukaPavlov kuya kubunjiniyela bokuziphatha besimanje, ifa layo lisekukwazini ukuhlaziya ukusebenzisana phakathi komuntu nomuntu nendawo yakhe ukuze kukhiqizwe izinguquko zangempela nezibonakalayo enhlalakahleni yengqondo kanye nemfundo.