Phakathi kwezidakamizwa ezikhona emhlabeni, singathola ama-amphetaminesokuyizinto ezinamandla Ukugqugquzela isimiso sezinzwa esimaphakathiUkusetshenziswa kwayo kungaba okwezokwelapha, okokuzijabulisa noma okwezemidlalo, futhi phakathi kwezinto ezaziwa kakhulu esingazithola methylphenidate, dexmethylphenidate, MDMA, fenproporex, diethylpropion, phentermine, benzphetamine, ne-phendimetrazineZonke zinekhono lokukhulisa ukukhishwa kwama-neurotransmitter athile obuchopho, ngaleyo ndlela zikhiqize imiphumela ejulile esimweni sengqondo, ekunakeni, emandleni nasekuziphatheni.
Yini i-amphetamine?
La amphetamine Kuyikhemikhali esuselwe ku- ephedrine, i-alkaloid yesitshalo enezakhiwo ze-sympathomimetic. Kuyi- i-sympathomimetic amine esebenza kahle kakhuluOkusho ukuthi, into ekwazi ukulingisa kancane isenzo se-adrenaline ne-noradrenaline, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, idlule kalula isithiyo segazi-ubuchopho ukuze isebenze ngqo ebuchosheni.
Ekuqaleni, kwabonakala ukuthi le molekyuli yayiwusizo ekwelapheni izinkinga zempilo ezifana ukudana, ukukhuluphala ngokweqile kanye nokuhlaselwa yisisukanye nokuthuthukisa ukuphefumula ngenxa yomphumela wako i-bronchodilatorKodwa-ke, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kwatholakala ukuthi kwaveza nomphumela ophawulekayo Ukugqugquzela isimiso sezinzwa esimaphakathi, okwenza kwaba yinto enethuba eliphezulu lokusetshenziswa kabi.
- I-Ephedrine yaqala ukwenziwa yi- ULazăr Edeleanu, isazi semithi saseRomania esaqamba igama lale nhlanganisela i-phenylisopropylamineukubeka isisekelo salokho esikwaziyo namuhla njenge-amphetamine.
- Ukusetshenziswa kwayo kusakazeke emkhakheni wezempi, ikakhulukazi e-US Amasosha Asemoyenilapho yayisetshenziswa khona ukugcina abashayeli bezindiza beqaphile futhi benciphisa ukukhathala ngesikhathi sohambo olude.
- Kamuva kwaqala imaketheSisebenzisa izakhiwo ezifana nokuqhekeka kwemithambo yegazi, ukufinyela kwemithambo yegazi kanye nomfutho wegazi ophakeme, kwaba usizo ezimweni ze-asthma kanye nokuminyana kwamakhala.
- Izinto ezisuselwe kuzo ezifana ne- i-methamphetamine futhi i i-methylphenidatekanye nemithi yokwelapha enezinhlanganisela ezahlukene zama-isomers (i-racemic amphetamine, i-dextroamphetamine, njll.), okwandisa ukusetshenziswa kwezokwelapha kodwa futhi nokusetshenziswa kabi.
- Ngenxa yokuthi ukusetshenziswa ngokungakhethiNgenxa yokuntuleka kwezinhlelo zokuqapha imithi ezanele kanye namandla ayo okulutha, lesi sidakamizwa sagcina sesibhekene nokusetshenziswa kabi kwezidakamizwa. ukulawula okuqinile kwamazwe ngamazwe.
Ama-amphetamine asetshenziselwa ukuthuthukisa ukujikeleza kwegazi ukusebenza ngokomzimba nangokwengqondoEnkundleni yezemidlalo, baba ngenye yezinto zokuqala ezixhunywe ku- ezemidlalo dopingfuthi ezingeni lokuqonda ziye zasetshenziswa njengendlela yokwelapha ukudakwa kwengqondo kokufunda noma ukusebenza amahora amade. Kuzo zombili izimo, ukusetshenziswa kwazo akuvunyelwe ngaphandle kwezinkomba zezokwelapha eziqinile ngenxa yezingozi zempilo kanye nenzuzo ecacile engafanele ezinikeza yona.
Isakhiwo, ukuhlukaniswa kanye nezindlela zesenzo
Ngokombono wamakhemikhali, ama-amphetamines ama-phenethylamineama-molecule ahlobene ne-adrenaline kanye ne-noradrenaline. ama-enantiomeri (amafomu e-dextrorotatory kanye ne-levorotatory); i-dextroamphetamine Luhlobo olusebenza kakhulu ezingeni lesimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko, kuyilapho i-levoamphetamine inemiphumela eminingi yangaphandle futhi ingabonakali kakhulu engqondweni.
Indlela esebenza ngayo ihilela kakhulu ama-neurotransmitter amane abalulekile:
Ezingeni le-synaptic, ama-amphetamine:
- Dopamine: kubalulekile emijikelezweni yomvuzo, ugqozi, kanye nokunyakaza.
- i-norepinephrine: okuhlobene nokuphaphama, ukusabela ekucindezelekeni, kanye nokulawulwa kwenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi.
- I-Serotonin: inethonya esimweni sengqondo, isifiso sokudla, kanye nokulala.
- I-Adrenalin: kuyisihluthulelo ekulweni noma ekusabeleni kokubaleka, okunemiphumela ephawulekayo enhliziyweni nasemithanjeni yegazi.
Ezingeni le-synaptic, ama-amphetamine:
- Bandisa ukukhululwa kwe-dopaminei-noradrenaline kanye ne-serotonin kusuka kuma-vesicles okugcina e-neuron ye-presynaptic iye esikhaleni se-synaptic.
- Zivimba kancane ukuthathwa kabusha yala ma-monoamine, ngokuguqula umsebenzi wabathuthi bawo (ikakhulukazi i-DAT, i-NET kanye, ngezinga elincane, i-SERT).
- Zishintsha i-vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT2), okwandisa inani le-neurotransmitter yamahhala ku-cytoplasm ye-neuronal futhi etholakalayo ukuze ikhishwe.
Ngenxa yalokho, ukwanda okukhulu kwama-monoamine kwezinye izindawo zobuchopho, okuchaza imiphumela yokuphaphama, ukukhathala okuncishisiwe, injabulo enkulu, ukugxilisa ingqondo okwengeziwe, kanye nokuncipha kwesifiso sokudla. Kodwa-ke, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lokhu kusebenza okuphoqelelwe kohlelo lwe-monoamine kungabangela ukuncipha kwe-dopamine nezinye izinzwakanye nezinguquko eziguquguqukayo kuma-receptors ezifaka isandla ku- Ukubekezelelana kanye nokuncika.
Izinhlobo zama-amphetamine
Kunezinhlobo eziningi zama-amphetamine, izinto ezifakiwe phakathi izidakamizwa zokwenziwa, Kokubili kufayela le- imakethe yezomthetho (imithi) njengase- imakethe engekho emthethweni (izimpushana namaphilisi avela ngasese) emazweni amaningi. Phakathi kwezinhlobo ezivame kakhulu esizitholayo:
- I-amphetamine evamile, okuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi isivinini, i-goey, ama-lifti kanye namagama ahlukahlukene emigwaqo. Ngokuvamile ithengiswa njengempuphu noma i-paste exutshwe nezinye izinto (njenge-caffeine).
- I-DextroamphetamineItholakala emakhemisi njengemithi kadokotela. Lena yindlela esetshenziswa, isibonelo, ekwelapheni ADHD y i-narcolepsy kwamanye amazwe.
- I-Methamphetamine, itholakala ezimweni eziqinile neziwuketshezi. Esimweni sayo esiqinile yaziwa ngokuthi i-whiz, ikristalu, ingilazi, iqhwa, isisekeloUma isesimweni soketshezi yaziwa ngokuthi isivinini esibomvu o igazi lengweI-lipophilic kakhulu kune-amphetamine futhi ingena ebuchosheni kalula, ngakho-ke imiphumela yayo ivame ukuba namandla kakhulu futhi ihlala isikhathi eside.
Kuye ngohlobo, zingatholakala ngezindlela ezahlukene. Zingadliwa ngokusebenzisa amakhaphu namaphilisi, unamathisele, impuphu, uketshezi noma ikristalu; ngakho-ke kungenzeka yibheme, uyijove, uyihogele, noma uyigwinyeIndlela yokuphatha inquma kokubili isivinini sokuqalisa njenge ukuqina kwemiphumela kanye nengozi ehambisana nayo.
Izindlela zokusebenzisa ezisemthethweni nezingekho emthethweni
Ngokombono wezokwelapha, amanye ama-amphetamine kanye nama-close derivatives asetshenziswa njenge imithi elawulwayo:
- I-Methylphenidate (IRitalin, iConcerta, nabanye): Nakuba ingeyona i-amphetamine yakudala ngamakhemikhali, ihlanganyela ngendlela yokuvuselela futhi inqunyelwe ekwelapheni ADHD kanye namanye amacala e-narcolepsy.
- I-Amphetamine/Dextroamphetamine (usawoti oxubile): osetshenziswa ekwakhiweni okufuna umphumela ozinzile kakhudlwana emini ukuze kwelashwe i-ADHD.
- I-Lisdexamfetamine: a izidakamizwa Yakhelwe ukukhulula i-amphetamine kancane kancane, inciphise amathuba okusetshenziswa kabi ngokushesha, futhi isetshenziselwa ne-ADHD.
- I-Amphetamine anorectics (njenge-phentermine, i-chlorphentermine, noma i-fenproporex): isetshenziswa ekwelapheni obesidad ezimweni ezilawulwa kakhulu, uma kubhekwa ukubaluleka kokuqapha imiphumela yayo yenhliziyo kanye namandla ayo okulutha.
Ngaphandle kwensimu yezokwelapha, ama-amphetamine asetshenziswa ku- kwezokungcebelekaNgokuvamile, lokhu kwenzeka ngomongo wokuphila ebusuku, amaphathi, noma ukwandisa umsebenzi (umsebenzi, ukufunda, ukushayela isikhathi eside). Lokhu kusetshenziswa kokuzijabulisa kuvame ukuhilela:
- Imithamo ephezulu nengalawulwayo, ngokuhlukahluka okukhulu kokuhlanzeka.
- Kaningi, kuxutshwe neminye imithi njengotshwala, insangu, ama-benzodiazepine, noma ezinye izinto ezivuselelayo, okwandisa ingozi yemiphumela emibi kanye imiphumela yezidakamizwa.
- Amaphethini okusetshenziswa ku Ukuzitika (kuthatha ngokuphindaphindiwe amahora noma izinsuku), kushiya umzimba usesimweni sokukhathala okukhulu.
Iyini imiphumela kwezokwelapha?
Uma isetshenziswa kahle, ngaphansi kokuqashwa kwezokwelapha kanye nemithamo elungisiwe, ama-amphetamine anganikeza izinzuzo ezibalulekile zokwelaphaPhakathi kwemiphumela yayo ewusizo emtholampilo eyinhloko yile:
- Ukwanda kokugxilisa ingqondo, ukunaka, kanye nenkumbulo (yingakho abanye abantu beyisebenzisa emsebenzini, ezindaweni zokuphatha, kanye nalapho befunda). Kubantu abane-ADHD, iyasiza ekuqiniseni isikhathi sokunaka nokunciphisa ukuphelelwa yithemba.
- Ukugcina isimo sokuqwashisa, ewusizo ikakhulukazi ku i-narcolepsy kanye nezinye izinkinga zokulala ezihilela ukozela ngokweqile emini.
- Ukunciphisa Ukungacabangi kanye nokuzithiba kokuziphatha okuthuthukisiwe, okuhambisana nezinkinga ezithile ze-neurodevelopmental.
- Ukulawula ukudlayingakho zisetshenziswa kwezinye iziguli ezine- obesidad ezikhethiwe futhi ngaphansi kokuqashwa okuseduze kwezokwelapha.
- Ukwanda komsebenzi wezimoto kanye nomuzwa wamandlaokuyinto ekwelapheni engase ihumushe ibe amandla amakhulu okwenza imisebenzi yansuku zonke, nakuba ezimweni zokuzilibazisa ihlotshaniswa nokusebenza ngokweqile kanye nokuzikhandla ngokweqile ngokomzimba.
- Ukuguqulwa kwe-metabolism, ngokusetshenziswa kwamandla okwandisiwe kanye nokwanda kwe-thermogenesis, okukhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kwamafutha agciniwe.
Njengoba ubona, eziningi zazo imiphumela yama-amphetamine Zingaba usizo ezimweni ezithile zezokwelapha, yingakho umuthi uzisebenzisa ekwelapheni izinkinga ezahlukene zempilo. Kodwa-ke, le miphumela efanayo—lapho kwenziwa imizamo yokuzithuthukisa noma ukuzinweba ngaphezu kwalokho okushiwoyo—iholela abantu abaningi ekuthengeni umuthi ngokungemthetho futhi bawusebenzise ngokuzijabulisa, okungase kubangele imiphumela emibi kakhulu futhi i umlutha noma ukuncika kulokho okubalulekile.
Imiphumela yokuzijabulisa ye-amphetamine
Uma ama-amphetamine edliwa ngaphandle kwendawo yokwelapha, ngemithamo ephezulu, noma ngezikhathi ezithile kodwa ngamandla, abasebenzisi bavame ukufuna uchungechunge lwezidakamizwa. imiphumela ethinta umuntu kuphawulwe kakhulu:
- Umuzwa wenjabulo noma injabulo, okuhambisana nomuzwa wenhlalakahle kanye nokuthi "konke kungenzeka".
- Ukuvimbelaokungaholela ekuziphatheni okuyingozi (ukushayela ngokunganaki, ucansi olungavikelekile, izingxabano kanye nolaka).
- Ukuzethemba okukhuluokungaholela ekuziphatheni okungenangqondo noma okungacabangi.
- Ukwanda kokuxhumana nabantu kanye namandla, okuvamile ezindaweni zamaphathi nomculo we-elekthronikhi, lapho ukumelana nokukhathala kwandiswa khona ngokwenziwa.
Le miphumela ingazwakala ngezikhathi ezahlukene kuye ngokuthi indlela yokusebenzisa:
- Kujovwe noma kubhenyweImiphumela icishe isheshe, inamandla aphezulu kakhulu futhi inamandla aphezulu okulutha.
- Kuphefumuliwe (kuhogelwe)Ngokuvamile kuthatha imizuzu embalwa ukuthi kusebenze, ngokukhuphuka okusheshayo kodwa okuncane kakhulu kunokushesha kunalapho ubhema noma ujova.
- Umzila womlomo (amaphilisi noma ama-capsule): ukuqala kuvame ukwenzeka phakathi kwemizuzu engama-20 nengama-60, kube nomphumela oqhubekayo kodwa ohlala isikhathi eside.
Nakuba esikhathini esifushane le miphumela ingase ibonakale ifiseleka, kufanele iqondwe njengomphumela we- ukugcwala ngokweqile kwamakhemikhali kobuchophoUma into isisusiwe, kuvamile ukuzwa "ibhesi" okubonakala ngokukhathala okukhulu, ukudabuka, ukucasuka kanye nesidingo esinamandla sokuphinde udle, okwandisa umjikelezo wokulutha.
Iziphi izinkinga zempilo ama-amphetamine angazibangela?
Izinkinga ziphakama ikakhulukazi uma ukusetshenziswa kabi Kuthathwa umuthi noma imithamo ehlukile kuleyo enqunywe ngudokotela. Phakathi kwezinkinga ezivame kakhulu yilezi:
- Ubunzima bokukhumbula, ukucabanga, noma ukulalakanye noshintsho lwesikhashana lokuqonda olungaqhubeka uma ukusetshenziswa isikhathi eside.
- Tremors kanye nezinye izimpawu zokusebenza kwenjini ngaphandle kwesizathu esibonakalayo.
- Ukwehlisa isisindo kanye nokuncipha kwesifiso sokudlaokungaholela ekungondleki kahle, ubuthakathaka, kanye nezinkinga ze-endocrine.
- Izimo zengqondo zobudlova noma zobudlova, ngeziqephu zokucasuka okukhulu kanye nokuziphatha okuyingozi.
- Izinkinga zesikhumba, okuhambisana nobuthi obuqondile kanye nokuklwebha okuphoqelekile (ukukhipha uketshezi, izifo, amanxeba).
- Izinkinga zemizwa kanye nokuphazamiseka kwengqondonjengokukhathazeka, ukucindezeleka, ukuhlaselwa uvalo kanye neziqephu zokuphazamiseka kwengqondo (ukuzikhohlisa, ukubona izinto ezingekho).
Ezingeni lenhliziyo, ama-amphetamine angabangela umfutho wegazi ophakeme, tachycardiai-arrhythmias kanye ne-even isifo senhliziyo noma isifo sohlangothi kubantu abasengozini noma labo abasebenzisa kakhulu. Ezingeni lemizwa, imithamo ephezulu ingabangela ukuquleka, i-hyperthermia, kanye ne-comaukudala izimo ezingaba yingozi zokudakwa kobuthi.
Uma ubhekene nanoma iyiphi yalezi zinkinga, kubalulekile Xhumana nodokotela ngokushesha futhi uyeke ukusebenzisa lesi sidakamizwa, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi sisetshenziswa ngokwezokwelapha (ukulungisa umthamo noma ukushintsha imithi) noma ngokuzijabulisa. Ukungenelela kusenesikhathi kunciphisa ingozi yemiphumela emibi kakhulu.
Umlutha, ukubekezelela kanye nesifo sokuhoxa
Enye inkinga ebucayi ngama-amphetamine ukulutha okungadala lokhoNakuba amathuba okuba nokuthembela aphansi uma esetshenziswa ngaphansi ukulawula okuqinile kwezokwelapha Ngisho noma kumthamo ofanele, ingozi ayikaze ibe yi-zero, futhi iyanda kakhulu uma isetshenziswa ngezinjongo zokuzijabulisa noma ihlanganiswa nezinye izidakamizwa.
- Umlutha we-amphetamineLokhu kuvela uma kusetshenziswa "njengesidakamizwa" ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza noma ukujabulela imiphumela yaso ejabulisayo. Umzimba uyathuthuka ukubekezelelaokusho ukuthi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ziyadingeka imithamo ephezulu ukuze kufezwe imiphumela efanayoLokhu kukhula kwandisa kakhulu ingozi yezinkinga zezokwelapha.
- Ukuthembela ngokomzimba nangokwengqondoUmuntu uzizwa sengathi le nto iyadingeka ukuze asebenze, atadishe, asebenze, abe nobudlelwano nabantu, noma azizwe kahle. Impilo yansuku zonke iqala ukujikeleza ekusebenziseni izidakamizwa kanye nokufuna lesi sidakamizwa.
- Isifo sokuzibambaUma uyeka ukudla ngemva kwesikhathi eside, kungase kuvele izimpawu ezifana nalezi ezilandelayo: ukukhathala okukhulu, i-hypersomnia noma ukuqwasha, ukukhathazeka, ukucindezeleka, ukucasuka, i-anhedonia (ukungakwazi ukuzwa injabulo)imicabango yokuzibulala ezimweni ezinzima kanye nokucindezeleka okukhulu isifiso sokudla futhi (ukufisa).
Ngokombono we-neurobiological, ukuzithiba kuhlobene nokuyeka ukwehla kwe-dopamine kanye noshintsho olungenzeka kumasekethe obuchopho ukuze kulawulwe umvuzo kanye nokulawula imizwa, okuchaza ukuthi kungani abanye abantu bezizwa “bengenalutho” noma “bevaliwe” amasonto. Nakuba lezi zinguquko zingase ziguqulwe kancane ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kanye nokwelashwa okufanele, kuvamile ukuba sengozini yokuthi ukubuyela emuva yiba phezulu.
Ungayimisa kanjani i-amphetamine ngokwelashwa?
Kuya nge izinga lokuluthaUkuba khona kwezinye izinto ezisetshenziswayo, ukwesekwa komphakathi, kanye nesimo sempilo yengqondo neyomzimba yesiguli kungenza inqubo ibe lula noma ibe nzima kakhulu. yeka ukusebenzisa i-amphetamineKodwa-ke, into eyodwa ibalulekile njalo: ukuqashelwa kwenkinga ngumuntu othintekile.
- Uma usuqaphele umlutha, udinga zokwelapha ngokwengqondo ezivumela ukuqondisa isiguli, ukuhlonza izici ezibangele ukuthi sidle futhi sithuthukise amasu okuphila ngaphandle kwezidakamizwaUkungenelela okusekelwe ku ukwelashwa kokuziphatha kwengqondo Ziye zabonakala ziwusizo ekusebenzeni ngemicabango ezenzakalelayo, ukuziphatha okuyingozi, kanye nokuvimbela ukuphinda ucabange.
- Kuyadingeka ukuthi umuntu azi ukuthi uzungezwe abantu abazimisele ukukusizaNgakho-ke, umndeni nabangane bangabandakanyeka kwezinye izikhathi. ukwelashwa komndeni noma ukungenelela nombhangqwana kusiza ekuthuthukiseni ukuxhumana, kumise imingcele enempilo futhi kudale indawo esekelanayo.
- Uma izimpawu zokuhoxa zibonakala kakhulu (ukucindezeleka okukhulu, ingozi yokuzibulala, isifo sengqondo, ulaka olukhulu, ukushisa okukhulu, ukuxhuzula), into ephephile kakhulu ukwamukela isiguli ohlelweni lokwelashwa oluhlala ekhaya noma iyunithi yesibhedlela ekhethekile. Kulezi zikhungo, impilo yomzimba neyengqondo ingaqashwa njalo ngenkathi isigaba esibucayi sinqotshwa.
Ekwelapheni okungenzeka ukweqisa Kuma-amphetamine, indlela ivame ukufaka:
- Ukuqashelwa nokuqapha kwezokwelapha Qhubeka kuze kube yilapho umuntu esezinzile.
- Ukusetshenziswa sedatives (njenge-benzodiazepines) ukulawula ukucasuka, ukukhathazeka okukhulu, umfutho wegazi ophakeme kakhulu, noma ukuquleka.
- Ukuphathwa kwe imithi yokunciphisa umfutho wegazi uma umfutho wegazi uphezulu kakhulu.
- Izindlela zokupholisa Uma kukhona i-hyperthermia (izinga lokushisa lomzimba eliphakeme kakhulu), kufanele kusetshenziswe izingubo zokulala ezikhethekile noma amasu okupholisa ngokomzimba.
- Ukuhlola kanye ukwelashwa kokucindezeleka kanye nemicabango yokuzibulala ngesikhathi sokuzila ukudla, okudinga ukwamukelwa ngengqondo ngezinye izikhathi.
Ezigabeni zakamuva, ukuvuselelwa igxile ku:
- Ukwelashwa kwengqondo komuntu ngamunye kanye neqembu ukuze kusebenze imikhuba yokuphila enempiloukuphathwa kokucindezeleka kanye nokulawulwa ngokomzwelo.
- Ukuthuthukiswa kwe amanethiwekhi okusekela (umndeni, amaqembu okusekelana, izinhlangano) ezinciphisa ukuzihlukanisa futhi zinikeze ukwesekwa lapho ubhekene nokubuyela emuva kokucindezeleka.
- Ukubuyekezwa kanye nokuphathwa kwabanye izifo zengqondo ezihlala zikhona (ukukhathazeka, ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo, i-ADHD, izinkinga zobuntu), njengoba ukungakunaki kwandisa ingozi yokubuyela esimweni esibi.
Uma umlutha ubhekwana nawo ku- izikhungo ezikhethekile Ezinkingeni eziluthayo, ukwelashwa kuvame ukufaka izinto ezifana nokwelashwa kweqembu nsuku zonke, ukwelashwa komuntu ngamunye neziguli kanye namalungu omndeni, imihlangano yokukhulisa umuntu siqu, iforamu yamafilimu okwelapha, umsebenzi womzimba oqashwe, kanye nokusekelwa ngocingo okuqhubekayo, okuthuthukisa kakhulu amathuba empumelelo.
Ukuqonda ukuthi ayini ama-amphetamine, ukuthi asebenza kanjani ebuchosheni, ukuthi iyini imiphumela yawo yesikhathi esifushane neside, nokuthi yiziphi izinsiza zokusekela ezitholakalayo kuvumela umuntu ukuba enze izinqumo ezinolwazi. izinqumo ezinolwazi oluthe xaxa Ngokuphathelene nokusetshenziswa kwazo. Zisetshenziswa ngendlela yezokwelapha nelawulwayo kuphela, zingaba amathuluzi awusizo, kodwa ngaphandle kwalowo mongo ziba izinto ezine- amathuba aphezulu okulimala kwengqondo, ngokomzimba nangokwenhlaloNgakho-ke, uma unemibuzo noma ubunzima, kuhlale kukuhle ukufuna usizo lochwepheshe.
