Enqubweni yokuzala yezinto eziphilayo, kunezinhlobo ezimbili zokuzala: ukuzala ngokocansi noma ngokukhiqiza kanye nokuzala okungenabo ubulili noma okutshalwe ezitshalweni . Zombili zivumela ukuqhubeka kwezinhlobo, kodwa zenza lokho ngezindlela ezahlukene kakhulu zamaseli kanye nezakhi zofuzo, ezinemiphumela eqondile yokuhlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo, izinga lokuzala, kanye nekhono lezinto eziphilayo lokuzivumelanisa nendawo ezungezile.
Isidalwa esiphilayo noma into ephilayo ibonakala ngekhono layo lokwenza imisebenzi eyisisekelo yokuphila, okuhlanganisa nokuzala , okuvumela ukuthi ikhiqize amakhophi afanayo ayo, kungaba ngomzali oyedwa noma ngokocansi okungenani kubazali ababili. Ukuqonda lokhu kwehluka kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukuthi imiphakathi ishintsha kanjani nokuthi kungani ezinye izinhlobo zizala ngandlela thile kuye ngendawo ezikuyo.
Kuyini ukuqhamuka?
Ukuhluma kungenye yezinhlobo ezahlukene zokuzala okungenabo ubulili , lapho ukukhiqizwa kwesidalwa esisha kwenzeka ngokwakhiwa kwama-prominences , abizwa ngokuthi ama-buds, emzimbeni wesilwane esingumzali, esikhula futhi sithuthuke, futhi esingase sihlale sinamathele kumzali noma sihlukene naye.
Ngokombono webhayoloji, ukuhluma kuwukuhlukaniswa okungalingani komzimba womzali . Umuntu wokuqala ugcina ingxenye enkulu ye-cytoplasm kanye nesakhiwo sayo, kuyilapho ihlumela liqala njenge-protuberance encane equkethe amaseli anezakhi zofuzo ezifanayo nezomzimba womzali. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, leli hlumela likhula ngobukhulu, lihlukane, futhi ekugcineni lingakhula libe yinto ephilayo ephelele.
Igama elithi ukuhluma livela egameni lesiLatini elithi geminus , elisho "amawele." Umuntu omusha empeleni, "uyiwele lofuzo" lomzali, njengoba bobabili babelana ngolwazi olufanayo lofuzo ngoba akukho ukushintshana kwe-DNA nesinye isidalwa. Kodwa-ke, naphezu kwalokhu kufana kwezakhi zofuzo, izimo zemvelo zingababangela ukuba bakhe umehluko ngobukhulu, ukuma, noma isimo somzimba.
Ukuhluma kubonakala ezintweni eziphilayo ezinamangqamuzana ahlukene njengemvubelo kanye ne-protozoa, kanye nasezintweni eziphilayo ezinamaseli amaningi njengezitshalo ezithile kanye nezilwane ezingenamgogodla (iziponji, ama-hydra, ama-coral, kanye ne-jellyfish ethile). Ngakho-ke, kuyindlela ebanzi emvelweni, ikakhulukazi ezinhlotsheni ezihlala zinamathele endaweni engaphansi komhlaba noma ezindaweni zasemanzini lapho ukushintshaniswa kwama-gametes kungaba kubi kakhulu.
Ukukhiqizwa kabusha ngokobulili
Lolu hlobo lokuzala lubonakala ngokuhilela umzali oyedwa kuphela . Ukuzala kwenzeka, ezimweni eziningi, nge -mitosis , lapho ukuhlukaniswa kwamaseli kuphumela kumaseli amabili noma ngaphezulu afana ngofuzo.
Luhlobo lokuzala lapho ukukhulelwa kungenzeki khona ; ngenxa yalokho, akukho ukushintshaniswa kwe-DNA phakathi kwabantu abahlukene. Isidalwa esisha esiphilayo ngokuvamile sigcina izici zesidalwa esavela kuso. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, sikhuluma ngenzalo noma ama-clonal e-clonal, okungukuthi, amakhophi ezakhi zofuzo zesidalwa esingumzali.
Kunezinhlobo eziningi zezitshalo ezingazala ngokocansi noma ngokungazali, ngokusebenzisa amahlumela, izimpande ezingaphansi komhlaba, noma iziqu ezinwabuzelayo. Kulezi zimo, uhlobo olulodwa lungashintshana phakathi kwezinhlobo zombili zokuzala: ukuzala ngokungazali ukuze kwande ngokushesha lapho izimo zivuma, kanye nokuzala ngokocansi ukuze kudale ukuguquguquka kwezakhi zofuzo lapho indawo ishintsha kakhulu.
Ezinye izinto eziphilayo, njenge-starfish, zingaphinda zikhule ngemva kokulahlekelwa yingxenye yomzimba wazo, kanti ezinye eziningi zingaphindaphindeka ngobuningi ngokuhlukana izikhathi eziningi ngaphandle kobulili. Ezilwaneni eziningi ezingenamgogodla zasolwandle, ukuvuselelwa, ukuqhekeka, kanye nokuhluma kuhlanganiswa njengezindlela zokuzala kanye nokusinda.
Ngaphandle kokuhluma, ukuzala okungenabo ubulili kuhlanganisa nezinye izinqubo ezibalulekile njengokuhlukana kwe-binary (okujwayelekile kuma-prokaryotes njengebhaktheriya kanye ne-archaea), i-sporulation (ekhona ku-fungi, kwezinye izitshalo, kanye namabhaktheriya), ukuqhekeka , kanye ne-parthenogenesis , phakathi kwezinye. Zonke zinezici eziyisisekelo: umuntu oyedwa wanele ukukhiqiza inzalo entsha, ngaphandle kwesidingo somlingani.
Ukukhiqiza kabusha ngokocansi
Ukuzala ngokocansi kubonakala ngokubamba iqhaza kwamaseli amabili avela ku-meiosis ahlangana ngokukhulelwa. Lawa maseli ocansi, noma ama-gametes (ngokuvamile iqanda nesidoda ezilwaneni, noma ama-gametes esilisa nesifazane ezitshalweni), aqukethe ingxenye yenani lama-chromosome omuntu omdala.
Abazali ababili kumele bahlanganyele, badlulisele i-DNA yabo enzalweni yabo. Ngenxa yalokho, kukhona umehluko wezakhi zofuzo phakathi kwabazali nezingane, kanye naphakathi kwenzalo uqobo. Lokhu kuhlukahluka kungenxa yokuhlanganiswa kwezakhi zofuzo ezenzeka ngesikhathi se-meiosis (ngokuhlanganiswa kwezakhi zofuzo) kanye nokuhlangana okungahleliwe kwama-gametes ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa.
Ukuzala ngokocansi, naphezu kokudinga amandla nesikhathi esengeziwe (ukuthola umlingani, ukukhiqizwa kwe-gamete, ukuthandana, ukukhulelwa, intuthuko yombungu), kunenzuzo enkulu: kudala ukuhlukahluka kofuzo . Lokhu kuhlukahluka kwandisa amathuba okuthi, ngaphakathi kwesizwe, kuzoba nabantu abanezici ezibavumela ukuba basinde futhi bazale ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo ezishintshayo noma lapho bebhekene nezifo ezintsha.
Kwezinye izinto eziphilayo, njengemvubelo, kukhona ikhono lokushintshana phakathi kokuzala okungenabo ubulili (ngokuhluma) nokuzala ngokocansi, kuye ngezimo zemvelo. Ezindaweni ezicebile ngezakhamzimba, zivame ukusebenzisa ukuzala okungenabo ubulili ngenxa yejubane lazo, kanti ezimweni zokucindezeleka noma ukushoda, zingasebenzisa izindlela zocansi ukwandisa ukuguquguquka kwezakhi zofuzo.
Kwenzeka kanjani ukuhluma?
Ukuzala okungenabo ubulili kungukuzala okwenzeka ngaphandle kokuxhumana phakathi kwamalungu amabili ohlobo olufanayo. Amaseli ahlukana kusetshenziswa i-mitosis, lapho i-chromosome ngayinye ikopishwa ngaphambi kokuba i-nucleus ihlukane, lapho iseli ngalinye elisha lithola ulwazi olufanayo lwezakhi zofuzo. Endabeni yezinto eziphilayo ezi-unicellular, iqhubu elibizwa ngokuthi iqhubu lakhiwa engxenyeni ye-plasma membrane . I-nucleus yeseli lomzali iyahlukana, bese enye yama-nuclei endodakazi ithuthela eqhubu. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle, iqhubu lingakhiqiza elinye iqhubu ngaphambi kokuba lihlukane ekugcineni neseli lomzali.
Ezingeni le-unicellular, kuyinqubo ye- mitosis engalingani eyenzeka kwezinye izinto eziphilayo ezi-unicellular, njengemvubelo. Izinto eziphilayo ezi-unicellular zakhiwe yiseli elilodwa. Izibonelo zezinto eziphilayo ezi-unicellular zifaka phakathi amabhaktheriya, ulwelwe oluncane, isikhunta esithile, kanye ne-protozoa. Ngokumangazayo, izinto eziphilayo ezi-unicellular zimele iningi lezinto eziphilayo ezihlala eMhlabeni njengamanje, kokubili ngokwenani labantu kanye nobubanzi bezindawo zokuhlala ezihlala kuzo.
Imvubelo, noma ukubila, ibhekisela kunoma yiziphi izinto eziphilayo ezihlukahlukene ze-eukaryotic ezihlukaniswe njenge-fungus, kungaba ama-ascomycetes amancane noma ama-basidiomycetes , anesimo se-unicellular ikakhulukazi emjikelezweni wazo wokuphila. Ngokuvamile zibonakala ngokuzala okungenabo ubulili ngokuhluma noma ukuhlukana kwe-binary kanye nokuba nezigaba zocansi ezinganamathiselwe ku-sporocarp (umzimba othela izithelo). Kulezi zinambuzane ezincane, isinqumo sokusebenzisa ukuzala okungenabo ubulili noma ngokobulili sincike ezimpawini zamakhemikhali nezemvelo, njengokuba khona kwezakhamzimba noma ama-pheromone akhiqizwa amanye amaseli.
I-Mitosis ukuhlukaniswa kwamaseli ngokwako, futhi ikhiqiza amaseli amabili endodakazi afana ngofuzo . Ingenzeka kumaseli ezinto eziphilayo ze-haploid kanye ne-diploid eukaryotic. Le nqubo iqinisekisa ukuthi izinto zofuzo zisatshalaliswa ngokulinganayo phakathi kwamaseli avelayo, kugcinwa inani elifanayo lama-chromosome njengeseli lomzali.
Ngakho-ke, kuyinqubo yokuzalanisa amaseli equkethe ngokuyinhloko ukuhlukaniswa kwama-chromosomes okude kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwe-nucleus kanye ne-cytoplasm; ngenxa yalokho, kwakheka amaseli amabili endodakazi anenani elifanayo lama-chromosome kanye nolwazi olufanayo lwezakhi zofuzo njengeseli lomzali. Ekuhlumeni, ngemva kwalokhu kumila, i-nucleus ezothuthela ehlumeni ibekwe ngendlela efanele ku-protuberance eyakhayo.
Ukuhluma kuyinqubo lapho i-nucleus ihlukana khona kanye ne-cytoplasm ihlukana, kodwa i-nucleus ephumayo ithuthela e-membrane yeseli, yakha isakhiwo esifana ne-bud esizungezwe yi-cytoplasm, ngaleyo ndlela idala amaseli amabili anobukhulu obuhlukene. Iseli lomzali ligcina ivolumu enkulu, kuyilapho iseli lendodakazi liqala lincane, nakuba likwazi ukukhula nokuhlukana ngokuzimela lapho izimo zilungile.
Ukuhluma kuyinqubo evamile eziponji, e-cnidarians, kanye nase-bryozoans . Izinhlobo ezithile zezilwane zingaba nokuhluma kwangaphakathi: amahlumela asinda ezimweni ezingezinhle ngenxa yesembozo esivikelayo. Endabeni yeziponji zamanzi ahlanzekile, amahlumela ane-capsule evikelayo equkethe izinto ezigciniwe . Lapho kufika intwasahlobo, i-capsule evikelayo iyalahleka, bese isiponji esisha siphuma ehlumeni. Kuma-bryozoans ahlanzekile, kukhiqizwa ungqimba lwe-chitin ne-calcium, futhi azidingi izinto ezigciniwe ngoba zisesimweni sokulala ubuthongo.
Ezilwaneni ezifana nama-hydra, ama-jellyfish polyps, nama-coral, amahlumela akheka phezu komzimba womzali, akhule, futhi, ezimweni eziningi, ahlukane, okubangela ukuba kube nezilwane ezizimele. Kwezinye izinhlobo, izinhlobo eziningana ezikhiqizwa yizimila zihlala zinamathele, zakha amakoloni ayinkimbinkimbi lapho zonke zihlanganyela khona izinto ezifanayo zofuzo kodwa zingenza imisebenzi ekhethekile ngaphakathi kweqembu.
Izinhlobo zokuhluma kanye nezinye izinhlobo zokuzala okungenabo ubulili
Kunezinhlobo eziningana zokuzala okungenabo ubulili. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ukuhluma , lapho inzalo ikhula khona emzimbeni womzali (njengoba izitshalo zikabhanana zenza, isibonelo). Olunye uhlobo ama-gemmules, lapho imvelo yomzali ikhipha khona inqwaba yamangqamuzana akhethekile akhula abe umuntu omusha.
Emongweni obanzi wokuzala okungenabo ucansi, sithola futhi:
- I-Binary fission: Okuvamile kwezinto eziphilayo ze-prokaryotic njengebhaktheriya kanye ne-archaea. Kuqukethe ukuphindaphindwa kwezinto zofuzo kanye nokuhlukaniswa okulinganayo kweseli lomzali libe amaseli amabili endodakazi anobukhulu obufanayo.
- Ukuhlukumeza: Zitholakala cishe kuzo zonke izikhunta, kwezinye izitshalo (njengezimila), kanye namagciwane athile. Zakha ama-spores amelana zizungezwe udonga olujiyile oluzivumela ukuthi ziphile ezindaweni eziyingozi futhi zikhule lapho izimo zithuthuka.
- Ukuhlukana nokuvuselelwa: Lesi sidalwa sihlukana sibe yizicucu eziningana, ngasinye esingazivuselela sibe umuntu ophelele. Lokhu kwenzeka, isibonelo, ezimbongolweni eziyisicaba kanye nasezinhlanzini zezinkanyezi.
- I-Parthenogenesis: Indlela umuntu omusha akhula ngayo kusukela kumaseli obulili besifazane angavundiswanga. Kwenzeka kwezinye izilwane ezingenamgogodla (izinambuzane, ama-rotifer, ama-flatworm) kanye nakwezinye izinhlobo zezilwane ezinomgogodla njengezinhlanzi, izilwane eziphila emanzini nasemanzini, kanye nezinye izilwane ezihuquzelayo.
Nakuba zonke lezi zindlela ziveza inzalo efana nezakhi zofuzo zomzali, ukuhluma kuvelele ngobulula bayo besakhiwo kanye nokuvumela, ezimweni eziningi, ukwakheka kwamakholoni , njengoba kubonwe kwezinye izinhlobo ze-cnidarians kanye neziponji. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhluma kungenzeka ngaphandle noma ngaphakathi (isibonelo, ama-gemmule eziponjini), okunikeza izinzuzo ezahlukene kuye ngendawo yokuhlala kanye nomjikelezo wokuphila kwalolu hlobo.
Ukukhiqizwa kabusha kobulili ezitshalweni
Lokhu kwenzeka ezitshalweni lapho ingxenye yazo ihlukana (isiqu, igatsha, ihlumela, i-tuber, i-rhizome, njll.) bese ikhula ngokwehlukana ibe isitshalo esisha. Sisabalele kakhulu futhi sinezinhlobo eziningi ezahlukene. Lokhu kufaka phakathi:
- Ubuciko: Ingcezu yesiqu esivela esitshalweni esisodwa (i-graft) ifakwa esiqwini noma esiqwini sohlobo olufanayo noma uhlobo oluhlukile kodwa oluhambisanayo. Ivame ukusetshenziswa ezihlahleni zezithelo noma ezinhlotsheni zokuhlobisa phinda izinhlobo zentshisekelo futhi kuthuthukiswe ukukhiqizwa.
- Izigxobo: Ukusabalala ngokusika kuhilela ukusika ingxenye yesiqu ngamahlumela bese uyigqiba. Bese ulinda kuze kuhlume izimpande. Lokhu kukhiqiza isitshalo esisha, indlela esetshenziswa kakhulu ezihlahleni nasezitshalweni zokuhlobisa.
- Ukusika noma izingxenye: Iziqu zilungiswa ezitsheni zamanzi noma inhlabathi emanzi, lapho zakha khona izimpande ezintsha, bese kuthi ngemva kwalokho zitshalwe. Lena indlela evame kakhulu yokusabalalisa izitshalo zasekhaya kanye nezinhlobo ezimila kalula.
- Isiko lezicubu: Ukutshala kwenziwa endaweni engenazo izinto ezincane kusetshenziswa izixazululo zezakhamzimba nama-hormone ezitshalo, okubangela ukukhula kwezimpande, iziqu, namaqabunga avela esicutshini sesitshalo. Le ndlela ivumela phindaphinda izinkulungwane zezitshalo ezifanayo kusuka kukhophi eyodwa.
- Ungqimba: Kuhlanganisa ukungcwaba ingxenye yesitshalo bese ulinda ukuthi simile izimpande. Bese siyanqunywa bese sitshalwa kabusha; sisetshenziswa, isibonelo, ezivinini zezithelo zomvini kanye nakwezinye izitshalo ezikhuphukayo.
- Ukuhlukumeza: uhlobo lokuzala ngokusebenzisa ama-spores, avame kakhulu kuma-fern, ama-mosses nezinye izitshalo ezingakhiqizi imbewu.
Ezitshalweni eziningi, ukuhluma kwenzeka ngamahlumela asemahlombe noma ekugcineni angaveza amahlumela amasha, futhi kwezinye izimo, izitshalo eziphelele uma zihlukaniswe futhi zigxilile. Isibonelo esivamile yileso sezinye izitshalo ezinamahlumela angaphezulu kanye nama-cacti, amahlumela azo angaseceleni angakhula abe izitshalo ezintsha uma zibekwe endaweni efanelekile.
Ezinye izibonelo zezitshalo ezizala ngokungaxubile (kungaba ngokukhula kokuhluma, ukuhluma, noma izakhiwo eziguquliwe) zifaka phakathi ama-tulips, iminduze, amazambane, nama-strawberry . Emazambaneni, ama-tuber agcina futhi ahlume abe izitshalo ezintsha; kuma-strawberry, ama-stolon akhula ngokukhula akhiqiza izitshalo ezintsha ngokuhluma ezindaweni ezahlukene enhlabathini.
Izinzuzo nezinkinga zokukhiqiza kabusha kwe-asexual
Ukuzala okungenabo ubulili kusebenza kangcono ezintweni eziphilayo ezihlala endaweni eyodwa futhi ezingahambi ukuze zithole abangane, noma ezihlala ezindaweni ezizinzile . Yindlela esetshenziswa izinto eziphilayo eziningi ezilula, njengebhaktheriya, isikhunta esiningi, i-protozoa, nezitshalo ezihlala ngokushesha endaweni ethile.
Kodwa-ke, ukuzala okungenabo ubulili akuholeli ekuhlukeni okukhulu kwezakhi zofuzo phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo, okusho ukuthi amaqembu aphelele angaqothulwa yizifo noma izinguquko ezisheshayo zemvelo. Ngenxa yokuthi anezakhi zofuzo ezifanayo, uma usongo luthinta umuntu oyedwa, cishe luzothinta iningi lama-clone alo ngendlela efanayo.
Izinzuzo
Phakathi kwezinzuzo zezinto eziphilayo ezikuqukethe ukuhlukana kwayo okusheshayo kanye nobulula bayo, njengoba izinto eziphilayo akudingeki zikhiqize amangqamuzana ocansi noma zichithe amandla ekusebenzeni ngaphambi kokukhulelwa (funa umlingani, ukuthandana, ukuhlangana kwama-gametes, njll.).
Ngale ndlela, umuntu oyedwa angazala inani elikhulu lenzalo ngezindlela ezifana nokwakheka kwe-spore engaxubile, ukuhlukana okuphambeneyo, noma ukuhluma, okwenza kube lula ukwakhiwa kwezindawo ezintsha ngokushesha . Ezindaweni ezihlala zizinzile isikhathi eside, leli su lingasebenza kakhulu ekuthatheni indawo etholakalayo kanye nokusebenzisa izinsiza.
Endabeni ethile yokuhluma, enye inzuzo ukuthi, ezilwaneni eziningi nasezitshalweni, inzalo ingahlala inamathele kumzali, yakhe amakoloni azuzisanayo: abelana ngezakhamzimba, ukuvikelwa kanye, ngezinye izikhathi, nemisebenzi ekhethekile (isibonelo, kumakhorali nakwamanye ama-cnidarians asekoloni).
nebubi
Kodwa-ke, inesici esikhulu sokukhiqiza inzalo engenazo izinguquko zofuzo —ama-clone—njengoba wonke afana ngokofuzo nomzali wawo kanye nomunye nomunye. Ukukhetha kwemvelo akukwazi “ukukhetha” abantu abajwayeleke kahle kakhulu (njengoba bonke bajwayeleke ngokulinganayo endaweni ethile), futhi laba bantu abajwayeleke kungenzeka bangakwazi ukusinda endaweni eshintshayo nenobutha ngoba abanalo ulwazi lofuzo oludingekayo ukuze bazivumelanise nalolu shintsho.
Ngakho-ke, lolo hlobo lunganyamalala ngaphandle kokuthi kube nomuntu ophethe inhlanganisela yezakhi zofuzo enhle ngenxa yokuguquka okuzenzakalelayo. Nakuba ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo kudala ukuguquguquka okuthile ngisho nasezinhlotsheni ezingaxubile ngokobulili, lokhu kuguquguquka kuncane futhi kuqoqana kancane kakhulu kunasezinhlotsheni ezizalanayo ngokobulili.
Esinye isici esibalulekile ukuthi ukuzala okungenabo ubulili akuvumeli ukuhlelwa kabusha kwezakhi zofuzo ezenzeka ngesikhathi se-meiosis kanye nokukhulelwa, indlela ekuzaleni ngokocansi engasusa ukuhlanganiswa okungekuhle futhi ithande ukuhlanganiswa okusha okunenzuzo.
Izibonelo zokuhluma
Ezilwaneni ezithile ezinamaseli amaningi, njenge-cnidarians, iziponji, kanye nama-tunicates, ukuhlukana kwamaseli kwenzeka ngokuhluma. Amahlumela aqala emzimbeni wento ephilayo engumzali bese ehlukana ukuze akhule abe izinto ezintsha ezifana nomzali. Le nqubo, eyaziwa ngokuthi ukuhluma, ifana nenqubo yokuzalanisa izitshalo ezitshalweni.
Ezinye izibonelo eziphawulekayo zezinto eziphilayo ezizalana ngokuhluma yilezi:
- Izipanji zamanzi. Zakha amahlumela angaphandle noma angaphakathi (ama-gemmules) avumela ukuthi asinde ezimweni ezimbi futhi asakazekele ezindaweni ezintsha endaweni yasemanzini.
- Izinhlobo ezithile zesikhunta semvubelo. Kuzo, amahlumela amancane akha phezu kweseli likamama, akhule, futhi ekugcineni ahlukane njengamaseli azimele.
- Ezinye izinhlobo ze-jellyfish. Emjikelezweni wokuphila kwawo, ama-polyp angakhiqiza i-jellyfish ngokuhluma, ngaleyo ndlela akhiqize isigaba sokuzala esihambayo.
- I-Hydras. Lezi zinhlanzi zasemanzini ahlanzekile zikhiqiza ama-protuberance amancane akhula futhi abe ngabantu abasha.
- Amakhorali. Ngokukhula kwe-polyp, i-polyp ingaveza ezinye eziningi, ezihlala ndawonye futhi zakha amakoloni, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, angaveza izixhobo zamakhorali.
Izibonelo zokuhluma ziyabonakala nasezintweni eziphilayo ezinamangqamuzana ahlukene, njengezinye izinhlobo zamabhaktheriya kanye nama-protist athile (isibonelo, amanye ama-dinoflagellates), okubonisa ukuthi le ndlela ivele ngokuzimela emaqenjini amaningana okuziphendukela kwemvelo ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo ekukopisheni abantu lapho indawo iyindawo enhle.
Ukuhluma, kanye nezinye izindlela ezingahambisani nobulili, kumelela isu elisebenza kahle kakhulu lokukhula okusheshayo nokukhulu kohlobo, nakuba kubiza ukuguquguquka kwezakhi zofuzo okuncishisiwe. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ukuzala ngokocansi, nakuba kudinga amandla amaningi, kunikeza ukuhlukahluka kwezakhi zofuzo okudingekayo ukuze abantu bazivumelanise nezinguquko zemvelo zesikhathi eside. Ukuqonda kahle zombili izinhlobo zokuzala kuvumela ukuqonda okungcono ukuguquguquka kwezinhlobo zemvelo, ukusebenza kwezindawo zemvelo, futhi, uma kwenzeka izinto ezincane njengemvubelo, ngisho nezinqubo zentshisekelo yezokwelapha kanye ne-biotechnology.