Kuneminikelo eminingana evela kuThales waseMiletus ethakazelisa kakhulu kwezesayensi ezahlukene ezikhona, ezazibalulekile kwezinye zezinguquko ezibaluleke kakhulu; phakathi kwazo sithola iminikelo ku- physics, i-astronomy, ifilosofi, izibalo nokuningi.
Lo muntu wayengumGreki wasendulo owayesebenza njengesishayamthetho edolobheni lakubo . Wayebhekwa futhi njengesazi sezibalo, isazi sefiziksi, isazi sefilosofi, kanye nejiyometha. Wayengomunye " wabaHlakani abayisikhombisa baseGrisi ," iqembu labantu ababalulekile baseGrisi abashiya ifa elihlala njalo. Waphila ngesikhathi samaGreki aseGrisi (cishe ngekhulu lesi-6 BC; izinsuku zendabuko zivame ukumbeka cishe ngo-624-546 BC; eminye imithombo ethandwayo ikhuluma cishe "cishe ngo-500 BC").
Imithombo eminingi imfaka njengesakhamuzi saseMilethu , i-polis yase-Ionian etholakala ogwini lwase-Asia Minor, isifunda esichuma kakhulu ngenxa yokuhweba olwandle. Lo mongo wezomnotho namasiko wamvumela ukuthi axhumane nolwazi oluvela eGibhithe naseBabiloni , njengokwakheka kwesimo sabacwaningi baseGibhithe noma amarekhodi ezinkanyezi aseBabiloni, kamuva awahlanganisa nokucabanga kwakhe.
Kuyaziwa futhi, kubabhali bakamuva abanjengoHerodotus , u-Aristotle, noDiogenes Laertius , ukuthi uThales wayebhekwa njengomeluleki wezepolitiki ohlakaniphile nokuthi waze wadunyiswa ngokunikeza izincomo zamasu emadolobheni ase-Ionian mayelana nendlela yokuhlela nokuzivikela kangcono. Konke lokhu kuqinisa isithombe sikaThales njengomuntu onezinhlangothi eziningi: usosayensi wemvelo, isazi sefilosofi, isazi sezibalo, isazi sezinkanyezi, kanye nomuntu odumile emphakathini.
Iminikelo kaThales waseMileto kwezesayensi ezahlukahlukene
Iminikelo kaThales yayihlanganisa imikhakha eyahlukene yesayensi, okuhlanganisa nokuba ngowokuqala ukusebenzisa ukuqagela kwesayensi kanye nokwenza iminikelo ebalulekile kwifilosofi yamaGreki, i-geometry, i-physics kanye nezibalo. Sizohlola kafushane eminye yeminikelo yakhe ephawulekayo ngaphambi kokuhlolisisa ngokujulile indawo ngayinye.
UThales waseMiletus ubhekwa njengomunye wososayensi bokuqala eMhlabeni, njengoba engumuntu wokuqala owaziwayo ukuzama ukuchaza ukuthi kungani izinto zenzeka ngendlela enengqondo neqondakalayo, njengokudalwa kwendawo yonke, ngaphandle kokuphendukela konkulunkulu. Lokhu kushintsha kokucabanga kwaziwa njengokuguquka kusuka enganekwaneni kuya kuma-logo : ukushiya izindaba eziyinganekwane esikhundleni sezincazelo ezisekelwe ekucabangeni.
Amanye amasiko amadala kanye nemibhalo ethile ethandwayo iveza uThales njengososayensi wokuqala emlandweni . Izazi-mlando zanamuhla zifanisa lesi simangalo: kungcono ukukhuluma ngaye njengomunye wabaqalisi bomcabango onengqondo nohlelekile eNtshonalanga, uma kubhekwa ukuthi abanye abacabangi ngaphambi noma ngesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe nabo banegalelo kule nqubo. U-Aristotle umbiza ngokuthi u-archegos (umqalisi), ngoba ngokombono wakhe wayengowokuqala ukuphenya ngokuhlelekile izimbangela zokuqala kanye nezimiso zemvelo.
Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukugqamisa njengomnikelo wakhe oyinhloko esintwini iqiniso lokufuna ukuphula izithiyo zaleso sikhathi nokuqhubeka phambili, ngoba ngenxa yakhe ososayensi abaningi nezazi zefilosofi kamuva bavela benentshisekelo kanye nenhloso efanayo yokuthola izincazelo ezinengqondo.
Esinye isibonelo seminikelo yakhe kulo mkhakha kwakuwukudalwa kwenkolelo-mbono echaza ukuthi uMhlaba empeleni wawuwuhlobo lwesiqhingi noma idiski entanta emanzini , njengoba izakhi zemvelo zazincike kuwo ngandlela thile. Wayekholelwa ukuthi ukuzamazama komhlaba kwakubangelwa ukunyakaza kwaleli nqwaba lamanzi lapho uMhlaba wawuhlezi khona. Nakuba le nkolelo-mbono manje ibhekwa njengengaqinisekile yisayensi yanamuhla, uThales ufanele udumo ngomzamo wakhe wokuchaza imvelaphi yendawo yonke noma izakhi zayo ngokusebenzisa izimbangela zemvelo kunokuba enze intando yonkulunkulu.
Ekufuneni kwakhe izimiso, uThales wagomela ngokuthi amanzi ayengumsuka wazo zonke izinto . Lesi simiso sokuqala sibizwa ngokuthi i-arché ngesiGreki . Waphawula ukuthi zonke izinto eziphilayo zidinga umswakama ukuze ziphile, ukuthi imbewu inomswakama, nokuthi ukushisa ngokwako kubonakala sengathi kuvela kumswakama. Kusukela kulokhu, wasikisela ukuthi amanzi, akhona emifuleni, olwandle, emafwini nasemvuleni, ayeyinto yokugcina lapho konke kwavela futhi kwaguqulwa khona.
Iminikelo yezibalo
UThales wenza iminikelo eminingana ezibalweni ngenxa yezinto azitholile, ezingatholakala ku- "Elements" ka-Euclid , lapho kuqoshwa khona ama-theorems nezincazelo ngokwesiko. Nakuba kungekho noyedwa emibhalweni yakhe osindile, futhi izazi namuhla ziphikisana ngokuthi wayengumbhali wazo zonke lezi miphumela, isibalo sakhe sihlotshaniswa nokuqala kokucabanga okusekelwe ekuqondeni i-geometry.
Kuthiwa lososayensi wayesevele azi izimiso eziningana eziyisisekelo ze-geometry, njengokuthi ububanzi bonke besiyingi buyihlukanisa ibe izingxenye ezimbili ezilinganayo , ukuthi unxantathu we-isosceles unama-engeli amabili alinganayo esisekelo, nokuthi kukhona ubudlelwano obuthile obuqinile phakathi kwama-engeli akhiwe lapho umugqa uhlangana nemigqa emibili ehambisanayo. Lolu lwazi, oluthathwe ngokwengxenye ku-geometry yaseGibhithe esebenzayo, lwahlelwa eGrisi futhi lwaqondiswa ku-geometry engaqondakali nenengqondo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, isiko limnikeza imiphumela eminingana eyaqoshwa kamuva njengeziphakamiso zejiyometri, okuhlanganisa nalezo ezaziwa manje ngokuthi ama-theorems kaThales . Enye yazo ivezwa kalula: uma unxantathu ongakwesokudla ubhalwe esindilinga, uhlangothi oluphambene ne-engeli engakwesokudla luwububanzi besindilinga. Omunye umphumela ohlobene nokufana konxantathu uvumela ukusungula izilinganiso phakathi kwezingxenye futhi uyisisekelo sokubala ukuphakama namabanga angafinyeleleki.
Enye yezinganekwane ezaziwa kakhulu ithi uThales wayekwazi ukubala ukuphakama kwamaphiramidi aseGibhithe esebenzisa izithunzi zawo. Kuthiwa, ngesikhathi sosuku lapho isithunzi sakhe sasilingana nokuphakama kwakhe, walinganisa isithunzi sephiramidi; njengoba ngaleso sikhathi ubude besithunzi babuhambisana nokuphakama kwento ngayinye, isithunzi sephiramidi samnika ngqo ukuphakama kwaso. Ezinye izinguqulo zithi wasebenzisa onxantathu abafanayo kanye nodondolo ukwenza ukubala. Kunoma ikuphi, indaba ibonisa indlela ukucabanga kwejometri okungaxazulula ngayo inkinga yokulinganisa engokoqobo.
Kuthiwa futhi uThales wasebenzisa lolu lwazi lwezilinganiso nokufana ukuze anqume, isibonelo, ibanga lemikhumbi ukusuka ogwini noma ukuxazulula izinkinga zokuhlola. Ngokungafani ne-geometry esetshenziswa kakhulu ngabaseGibhithe, i-geometry yaseMilesian yayizothuthukela ekucashunweni okukhulu kwemigqa nezibalo , okwavula indlela yokuthuthukiswa kwezibalo zamaGreki kamuva.
Iminikelo yefilosofi
Iminikelo kaThales waseMilethu kwifilosofi iphathelene kakhulu nomzamo wakhe wokuchaza izenzakalo ezimzungezile—okungukuthi, lokho esikushilo ngaphambili: ukusesha i- arche, noma isimiso sokuqala, esingachaza konke okungokoqobo. Kodwa-ke, eminye iminikelo kulo mkhakha nayo iyaziwa; inkinga ukuthi akukho msebenzi obhaliwe okhona wokuqinisekisa lokhu, kuphela izimfanelo ezenziwe ngabanye abantu bomlando.
UThales ubhekwa njengesazi sefilosofi sokuqala saseNtshonalanga . Hhayi ngomqondo wokuziphatha noma wokuziphatha, njengefilosofi yakamuva, kodwa ngoba nje wayefuna ukuqagela nokucacisa ngemvelaphi yendawo yonke kanye nokufunda ngemvelo. Ngesikhathi sakhe, izincazelo zenganekwane zazisabusa, kodwa uThales waqala ukukholelwa ukuthi umhlaba ungaqondwa ngemibono yemvelo kanye nezimpikiswano ezinengqondo.
Ngakho-ke, izazi zefilosofi zangaleso sikhathi zazifana kakhulu nezazi zesayensi yemvelo ezazisebenzisa imicabango yazo yefilosofi ukuze zicabange, zakhe imibono, futhi zenze ucwaningo . U-Aristotle ubafaka phakathi kwe- physikoi , labo bacabangi abazinikela ekuhloleni isakhiwo sezinto ezibonakalayo sendawo yonke kunemibuzo yokuziphatha noma yezepolitiki.
Ngaphandle kwenkulumo yakhe edumile yokuthi amanzi ayisimiso sayo yonke into, uThales ubizwa ngokuthi unombono weqiniso okholelwa ezintweni eziphilayo . Wayebheka umphefumulo njengento enikeza ukunyakaza nokuphila, futhi, njengoba amanzi ehamba wodwa, kumelwe abe nomphefumulo futhi, ngenxa yalokho, abe nguNkulunkulu. Ngokufanayo, lapho ebona ukuthi i-magnet idonsa insimbi, wacabanga ukuthi kumelwe kube nokuthile okuphilayo kuleyo minerali. Le mibono ibonisa ukuthi, ezigabeni zokuqala zefilosofi, umehluko phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo nezingaphili wawungakacaci kahle.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukugomela kwakhe ukuthi umhlaba uvela esimisweni esisodwa sezinto ezibonakalayo kusho umbono ohlangene wendawo yonke : uma konke kuvela emanzini futhi kuguquka kube ngamanzi, khona-ke zonke izidalwa zinesimo esifanayo ngokuyisisekelo. Lo mbono wokuthi "konke kuyinto eyodwa" wawuzothathwa futhi usetshenziswe kabusha yizazi zefilosofi eziningi zakamuva futhi uye waziswa ngabacabangi banamuhla abanjengoNietzsche, owabona uThales njengomunye wabokuqala ukufuna incazelo ephelele nenengqondo yomhlaba.
Iminikelo yezinkanyezi
Ngokusho kokutholwa kwezinto zakudala kanye nokulandisa kwabalobi basendulo, uThales wayekwazi ukubikezela ukufiphala kwelanga , ukufaka isandla ekuzulazuleni, nokubala unyaka. Le minikelo ibonisa izinga ilukuluku lakhe lobuhlakani elafinyelela ngalo emazulwini kanye nokunyakaza kwezidalwa zasezulwini.
- Ukubikezela ukufiphala kwelanga. Imithombo yasendulo ilandisa ukuthi uThales wamemezela ukuthi ukufiphala kwelanga kuzokwenzeka ngesikhathi esithile futhi kubonakale esifundeni sakhe. Kwabaphila ngesikhathi sakhe, lokhu kwakuyinto emangalisayo, njengoba kwaphikisa umbono owawukhona wokuthi izenzakalo ezinjalo zaziyizibonakaliso ezingaqondakali ezivela konkulunkulu. Ucwaningo lwanamuhla lusikisela ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi wayesekele isibikezelo sakhe olwazini lwemijikelezo yezinkanyezi, njengemijikelezo yokufiphala kwelanga yaseBabiloni, exhumanisa ukuphindaphinda kwalezi zenzakalo nezikhawu ezivamile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, imibhalo yasendulo kanye namasiko kuyaqaphela ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi lesi sibikezelo sasingelona iqiniso ngokuphelele noma ukuthi sasihlanganisa isilinganiso esibanzi saleso sikhathi, futhi kuye kwacatshangwa ukuthi ukuhlangana kwaleso sikhathi kungenzeka ukuthi kwaba nendima.
- Ukuqondiswa kusetshenziswa i-Little Dipper. Ekuhambeni kwemikhumbi, weluleka amatilosi ukuthi kulula kakhulu futhi kuyalulekwa kakhulu ukuhamba ngemikhumbi IBhele elincaneEsikhundleni seNkanyezi Enkulu, njengoba babenzile iminyaka eminingi. Inkanyezi ekhanya kakhulu kulesi siqoqo sezinkanyezi, eduze nensika yasezulwini, yanikeza indawo yokubhekisela ezinzile yokunquma isiqondiso phakathi nohambo lwasebusuku, okwakuyintuthuko ewusizo ekuzulazuleni kwamaGreki.
- Ukubala ubude bonyaka. Phakathi kwezimfanelo zendabuko ukuthi wayengomunye wabantu bokuqala ukunquma Bekungakanani isikhathi esilinganiselwa sonyaka?Ngokusekelwe ekuqapheleni kwakhe imijikelezo yelanga kanye nezinkathi zonyaka, unemisebenzi ebhalwe ngaye nge-solstice kanye ne-equinox, futhi abanye ababhali basendulo baye baphikisana ngokuthi ngabe wabhala ngempela yini izincwadi zezinkanyezi ezifana nalokho okubizwa ngokuthi "i-Nautical Astrology." Nakuba kukhona ukungabaza ngale misebenzi, konke kusikisela ukuthi uThales wayeyicabangela kakhulu imijikelezo yasezulwini.
Lezi zinto eziphathelene nezinkanyezi zihlobene nodumo lwakhe njengomqapheli wesibhakabhaka obukhali . UPlato ulandisa indaba yokuthi, ngesikhathi ebuka izinkanyezi, wawela emthonjeni, kwathi owesifazane ongumlimi wamhleka usulu ngokungakuboni okwakulungile ezinyaweni zakhe. Ngale kwethoni ehlekisayo, indaba igcizelela indlela uThales achitha ngayo amahora amaningi ecabanga futhi efunda amazulu, efuna amaphethini avamile kanye nemithetho yemvelo.
Iminikelo kaThales waseMiletus emphakathini ngaphambi nangemva kukaKristu yayibaluleke kakhulu. Njengoba sesibonile kulo lonke leli phepha, wavula indlela eNtshonalanga emikhakheni ayeyihlola futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, wayenesibopho sokuqeqesha abafundi abanezintshisekelo ezifanayo "eSikoleni saseMilethu," lapho kwavela khona abantu abanjengo- Anaximenes no -Anaximander . Laba bacabangi baqhubeka nokufuna i- arche (isimiso esiyisisekelo semvelo ), bephakamisa ezinye izimiso ezifana nokungenamkhawulo noma umoya, kodwa behlala begcina umbono wokuthi imvelo ingachazwa ngezimbangela ezinengqondo.
Kuye kwagcinwa nezindaba eziningana mayelana nobuhlakani bakhe obusebenzayo , njengendaba elandiswa ngu-Aristotle lapho uThales, esebenzisa ulwazi lwakhe lwezinkanyezi, abikezela khona isivuno esihle kakhulu somnqumo futhi aqasha imishini yokunyathelisa uwoyela kusenesikhathi ngentengo ephansi, kamuva ayiqashisa ngezindleko eziphakeme futhi enze inzuzo enkulu. Lokhu bekuyobonisa ukuthi izazi zefilosofi, uma bezifisa kanjalo, zingaceba, noma ngabe isifiso sabo sangempela kwakuwulwazi.
Ecabanga ngakho konke okungenhla, uThales waseMilethu uvela njengomuntu oyisisekelo owaguqula indlela abantu abaxhumana ngayo nomhlaba: esikhundleni sokuwamukela njengesiteji esilawulwa amandla aphezulu angalindelekile, waphakamisa ukuthi ulawulwa yimithetho yemvelo eqondakalayo . Ukuqonda kwakhe ngamanzi njengesimiso esiyisisekelo, ukuzethemba kwakhe ekucabangeni kwejometri, ukutadisha kwakhe izinkanyezi, kanye nokwenqaba kwakhe izincazelo eziyinganekwane kwakha ifa elalizobumba ukuvela kwefilosofi, isayensi, kanye nobuchwepheshe emasikweni aseNtshonalanga.