Izidakamizwa yizinto ezingasetshenziswa kwezokwelapha (imithi kadokotela esemthethweni) ukuqeda noma ukwelapha izifo, noma ukudla ngendlela yokuzijabulisa (izidakamizwa ezingekho emthethweni(yize lokhu kuhlukaniswa kungahluka kuye ngezwe) ngoba Zishintsha uhlelo lwezinzwa oluphakathi futhi kushintshe ingqondo nomzimba. Kodwa-ke, olimini lwansuku zonke, igama elithi "izidakamizwa" livame ukusetshenziswa ukubhekisela ezintweni ezingekho emthethweni abantu abazisebenzisayo ukuze bathole injabulo (kungaba ngokuzilibazisa noma ngokuxhaphaza) futhi ezivame ukudala ukuthembela ngokomzimba kanye/noma ngokwengqondo.
Kubalulekile ukukuqonda lokho okusemthethweni akusho ukuthi akunangoziKunemithi eminingi esemthethweni, eyamukelwa kabanzi emphakathini nangokwesiko, okuthi ukusetshenziswa kwayo noma ukusetshenziswa kwayo kabi kungabangela izifo ezinkulu, ukukhubazeka kwengqondo, izingozi, futhi, ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, ukufa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umugqa phakathi kokusetshenziswa kwezokwelapha nokuzijabulisa mncane kakhulu kwezinye izinto: i-molecule efanayo ingasindisa izimpilo esimweni sezokwelapha noma izibhubhise uma zidliwa ngokungalawuleki.
Thola ukuthi iziphi izidakamizwa zomthetho ezithandwa kakhulu
Kulokhu sizoxoxa nge izidakamizwa ezingathengwa ngokusemthethweni emakhemisi, ezitolo, ezitolo ezinkulu noma ngisho naku-inthanethi, njenge- i-nicotine, utshwala, i-caffeine, ama-syrup okukhwehlela, ama-anabolic steroids, ama-benzodiazepines, ama-opioid, iziphuzo zamandla kanye neminye imithi esetshenziswa njalo. Sizochaza ukuthi iyini, iyini imiphumela yayo, yiziphi izingozi zempilo zesikhathi esifushane nezesikhathi eside eziba nazo, kanye nokuthi yiziphi izici zomthetho noma zenhlalo okufanele uziqaphele ngaphambi kokuzithatha.
Ukuze sikubeke lokhu kumongo, singakuqonda ngokuthi umuthi osemthethweni noma iyiphi into, yemvelo noma eyenziwe, lapho ifakwa emzimbeni Ishintsha ukusebenza kwesistimu yezinzwa ephakathi. (kubangela ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo), kunamandla okuba ukudala ukuncika noma ukuhlukunyezwa kodwa-ke, eyakhe Lokhu kusetshenziswa akujeziswa ngumthethoKungakhathaliseki ukuthi kuhloswe ngokuyinhloko ngezinjongo zezokwelapha noma kwamukelwa emphakathini njengomkhiqizo wokuzijabulisa, lesi simo esisemthethweni asisho ukuphepha: ukusetshenziswa kabi nokusetshenziswa kabi kwalezi zinto kuyingozi kakhulu futhi kungaba nemiphumela emibi empilweni nasenhlalakahleni njengeyezidakamizwa ezingekho emthethweni.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, eziningi zalezi zidakamizwa zihlukaniswa ngokwemithi ngokwemiphumela eziyenzayo ohlelweni lwezinzwa ku- izivuseleli (kwandisa umsebenzi wobuchopho), izidakamizwa zokucindezeleka (bayayinciphisa) futhi i-psychedelic noma ephazamisayo (Zishintsha ukuqonda kanye nokuqonda). Izinto eziningana esizozibona ngezansi zingangena ezigabeni ezingaphezu kwesisodwa kuye ngomthamo, indlela yokuphathwa, noma ukuhlanganiswa neminye imithi.
UNicotina
I-Nicotine iphakathi kwe- Izidakamizwa ezisemthethweni ezithandwa kakhulu, eziluthayo, neziyingozi emhlabeni. Ngokusho kocwaningo oluningi lwezempilo, ingxenye enkulu kakhulu yabantu abadala ike yabhema ugwayi ngesikhathi esithile, kanti izigidi zabantu ziyaqhubeka nokusebenzisa ugwayi nsuku zonke. Naphezu kwemikhankaso yokuvimbela kanye nemikhawulo ezindaweni zomphakathi, i- ukubhema Kuyaqhubeka nokuba yimbangela ehamba phambili yokugula nokufa emhlabeni jikelele.
I-Nicotine iyi- i-psychostimulant esebenza kakhulu kuma-receptor e-nicotinic acetylcholine. Ikhiqiza ukukhishwa okusheshayo kwe-dopamine nezinye izinto ezihilelekile kumasekethe omvuzo, okuchaza amandla anamandla ukuqinisa okuhle lokho okubonwa ababhemayo. Nakuba abantu abaningi bechaza ugwayi ngokuthi “ophumuzayo,” lo muzwa, ikakhulukazi kwababhemayo isikhathi eside, ubangelwa yi-nicotine. Kuqeda izimpawu zokuhoxa. ukuthi yena ngokwakhe uyamcasula.
Indlela eyinhloko yokusebenzisa i-nicotine ugwayi ngezindlela zawo ezahlukene: osikilidi, ugwayi ohlafunwayo, ama-cigar, ama-hookah essence noma ku iziphuzo ze-vaper kanye nogwayi kagesi; lapho, ngemva kokuzama okumbalwa nje, umuntu angasheshe aqale ukuthembela kule nto. Kodwa-ke, kunezindlela eziningi zokuyeka ukubhema (izinhlelo zokususa ubuthi, ama-patches, izinsini, imithi ethile, ukwelashwa kwengqondo, njll.), futhi lokhu kwandisa amathuba okukwazi ukuyeka ugwayi (ikakhulukazi uma ucabanga ukuthi kuwumkhuba obizayo); yize iningi labantu liphinde libuyele emuva esikhathini esithile empilweni yabo ngenxa yokuthembela okunamandla ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo.
Imiphumela ye-nicotine, njengoba kunjalo nangezinye izinto eziningi, izoncika kumthamo osetshenzisiwe, ulwazi lomuntu, kanye nesivinini sokusetshenziswa. Ivame ukusetshenziswa njenge isikhuthazi esisebenza ngokusheshaKuphinde kusize ekunciphiseni ukucasuka futhi kungathuthukisa umuzwa wokugxila kanye nenkumbulo yesikhashana. Kodwa-ke, kuza nezingozi ezinkulu zempilo.
Phakathi kokuphambili Imiphumela kanye nezingozi zokusetshenziswa kwe-nicotine nogwayi yizo:
- Izinga eliphezulu lokuncika, ngobunzima obukhulu ekuyekeni ukusebenzisa.
- Uma ukusetshenziswa kwehliswa, ukuhoxa kwesifo Kungaba yiphupho elibi ngempela; kufaka phakathi izimpawu ezifana nokukhathazeka, ukucindezeleka, ukozela, ikhanda elibuhlungu, ukucasuka, ukwanda kwesifiso sokudla, kanye nobunzima bokugxilisa ingqondo.
- Umonakalo oqhubekayo wamaphaphu (isifo esingamahlalakhona sokuvimba amaphaphu, i-bronchitis engapheli, i-emphysema) kanye nengozi ekhulayo kakhulu yesifo umdlavuza wamaphaphu nezinye izitho zomzimba.
- Izifo zenhliziyo: umfutho wegazi ophakeme, i-atherosclerosis, i-myocardial infarction kanye nesifo sohlangothi.
- Izinguquko ekunambithekeni nasekunukeni, ukuguga kwesikhumba ngaphambi kwesikhathi, ukudaya amazinyo neminwe, kanye nezinkinga ze-periodontal.
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, imikhiqizo efana nale elandelayo ivele: ugwayi electronic kanye namanye amadivayisi okuphuza utshwala aphinde alethe i-nicotine. Avame ukubonwa njengangenangozi kangako, kodwa asalokhu egcina amandla okulutha e-nicotine futhi angase abe nezinye izinto ezicasulayo noma ezinobuthi, ngakho-ke ukusetshenziswa kwawo akunazo izingozi, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwentsha.
Utshwala
I-Ethyl alcohol noma i-ethanol kungenzeka ukuthi iyingozi. umuthi osemthethweni osetshenziswa kabanzi futhi owamukelwa emphakathiniKuyingxenye yamasiko, imikhosi, kanye nemibuthano yomphakathi emasikweni amaningi, okukhuthaza umbono wokungabi nangozi oqhelelene kakhulu neqiniso. Lesi sidakamizwa, ngaphezu kokulimaza umuntu osisebenzisayo, sibeka nalabo abaseduze naso engozini (ukuziphatha okunobudlova, izingozi zomgwaqo, ubudlova obusekelwe ebulilini, ukuziphatha kocansi okuyingozi, phakathi kokunye).
Utshwala lusebenza njenge- isidambisi sesimiso sezinzwa esiyinhlokoNakuba imithamo ephansi ingase idale umuzwa wenjabulo kanye nokungazithibi, abasebenzisi bangasheshe bathuthukise ukubekezelela, okudinga inani elikhulu lotshwala ukuze badakwe. Lesi sidakamizwa siyalutha kokubili ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo futhi sihlotshaniswa nokukhuluphala ukuhoxa kwesifo okungenzeka kube yingozi.
Phakathi kwe imiphumela yotshwala Singathola umehluko kuye ngokuthi kudliwe malini, isivinini sokusetshenziswa, isisindo, ubulili, kanye nesimo sempilo jikelele:
- Uma kudliwa ku amanani amancaneKungadala injabulo encane, umuzwa wenjabulo, kanye nombono oyiphutha wokuba namandla engeziwe noma ubudlelwano nabantu.
- En amanani aphakathi kuya kwaphezuluAbantu bayazithiba emphakathini, ikhono labo lokwahlulela liyancipha, ukuhambisana kwemisipha kanye nenkulumo kuyashintsha, isikhathi sokusabela siyanda, futhi kungase kube nezinguquko zemizwa ezingazelelwe.
- En imithamo ephezulu kakhuluKungabangela ukuhlanza, ukulahlekelwa ukwazi, ukucindezeleka kokuphefumula, i-coma ebangelwa utshwala, kanye nengozi yokufa.
El ukuphuza ngokweqile (esizoxoxa ngakho ngokuningiliziwe ngesinye isikhathi) kubhekwa njengenkinga yezempilo yomphakathi evamile emazweni amaningi; okuthi, ngokweqile nangesikhathi eside, kubangele imiphumela emibi emzimbeni womuntu, njengokuthi:
- Izinkinga zesibindi: isibindi esinamafutha, i-hepatitis ebangelwa utshwala kanye ne-cirrhosis.
- Umonakalo wezinzwa: ukukhubazeka kwengqondo, i-peripheral neuropathy, i-Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, kanye nezinye izifo ze-neuropsychiatric.
- Izinkinga zenhliziyo: umfutho wegazi ophakeme, i-cardiomyopathy yotshwala, i-arrhythmias.
- Izinkinga zokugaya ukudla: i-gastritis, i-esophagitis, i-pancreatitis.
- Ukuphazamiseka kwemizwelo: ukucindezeleka, ukukhathazeka, ukucasuka, ukuziphatha okunolaka.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuphuza utshwala ngokweqile kwandisa ingozi izingozi zomsebenzi nezethrafikhiukuziphatha kocansi okuyingozi kanye nobudlova. Ngisho nokusetshenziswa okuhlukaniswe ngokuthi "okulinganiselwe" kungaba yinkinga uma kwenzeka njalo, uma kuhlotshaniswa nezinye izifo, noma uma kunomlando womndeni wokulutha.
Ama-opioid nama-opiates
Ama-opioid nama-opiate yiqembu lezinto ezibangela shintsha noma ushintshe uhlelo lwezinzwa kubantu abazisebenzisayo, zisebenza kakhulu njengemithi yokunciphisa ubuhlungu enamandla, yize zineminye imiphumela ethinta ingqondo yesithakazelo sezokwelapha nesokuzijabulisa. Lokhu kufaka phakathi izidakamizwa eziningana ezisemthethweni nezingekho emthethweni, njenge iqhawei-buprenorphine, i-methadone, i-papaverine, i-noscapine, i-thebaine, i-codeine ne-morphineNgayinye yazo inezinzuzo ezahlukene zokudambisa ubuhlungu, izici zemithi kanye nobude bemiphumela, yize zinendlela efanayo yokusebenza kuma-receptor e-opioid.
Ukusetshenziswa kwayo kuvame ukuba se- Umuthi wendabuko wokwelapha ubuhlungu obuphakathi noma obukhuluIsibonelo, kuvumela isiguli esinomdlavuza osethuthukile ukuthi sigweme ubuhlungu obukhulu obubangelwa yilesi sifo, noma kwenza umuntu alulame ngokuhlupheka okuncane ngemva kokuhlinzwa okukhulu. Kodwa-ke, ziyingxenye ye izidakamizwa ezisemthethweni ezilutha kakhuluokungaholela isiguli emtholampilo ekusebenziseni umuthi ngokweqile noma ukuthuthukisa indlela yokusebenzisa eyinkinga.
Inkinga enkulu ngama-opioid ukuthi ukubekezelela Futhi inamandla aphezulu, okusho ukuthi isiguli singadinga umthamo ophezulu ukwelapha izimpawu zaso; inkinga odokotela okumele bayiqaphele kakhulu, njengoba abanye abantu bengase babe nokubekezelelana nokuthembela ngenxa yokusebenzisa kabi izidakamizwa. Lapho ukusetshenziswa kuyekwa ngokuzumayo ngemva kokusetshenziswa okuqhubekayo, isiguli singadinga umthamo omkhulu ukuze siphathe izimpawu zaso; ukuhoxa kwesifo ubukhali obunezimpawu ezingathandeki zomzimba nezengqondo.
Phakathi kwe imiphumela yama-opioid nama-opioid sithola:
- Ukunciphisa ubuhlungu obukhulu (i-analgesia), kokubili okubukhali nokungalapheki.
- Ukozela kanye nokudambisa ubuthongo, enomuzwa wokuzola kanye nenhlalakahle.
- Isicanucanu nokuhlanzaikakhulukazi ekuqaleni kokwelashwa.
- Ukuqunjelwa okungapheli, omunye wemiphumela emibi evame kakhulu futhi ecasulayo.
- Ukudideka kwengqondoubunzima bokugxilisa ingqondo kanye nokunciphisa ukusebenza kwengqondo.
Ngobuningi obukhulu, kungabangela izinkinga zobuchopho, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezibangela umvuzo noma ukwaneliseka; kungaba futhi izinkinga zokuphefumula (ukucindezeleka kokuphefumula), okuyingozi enkulu ezimweni zokudlula ngokweqile. Uma kuhlanganiswa neminye imithi yokucindezeleka, njengotshwala noma i-benzodiazepines, ingozi yokuma kokuphefumula nokufa iyanda kakhulu.
I-caffeine
Phakathi kwezidakamizwa ezisemthethweni ezidumile kakhulu sithola ukuthi ikhofiI-caffeine, evame ukudliwa ekhofini, itholakala nakwezinye iziphuzo ezifana netiye, iziphuzo eziningi ezithambile ezinoshukela, iziphuzo zamandla, kanye nokudla okufana noshokoledi omnyama, phakathi kokunye. I-caffeine iyingxenye yeqembu lezikhuthazi. lezingenkanye nezinye izinto ezifana ne-theobromine (ekhona ku-cocoa) kanye ne-theophylline (ehlobene netiye), nazo ezinemiphumela evuselelayo, yize zingabi namandla kangako.
Imiphumela yekhofi ivame ukuba izivuseleliYingakho abantu bephuza ikhofi ekuseni noma kusihlwa ukuze bathuthukise ukusebenza kahle, balwe nobuthongo, futhi bathuthukise ukugxilisa ingqondo. I-caffeine ivimba ama-receptor e-adenosine, into ehilelekile ekuzizweni kokukhathala, okuholela ekuqapheni okukhulu, futhi kwezinye izimo, ukuthuthuka okuncane ekusebenzeni kwengqondo emisebenzini elula.
Nakuba lolu hlobo lokusetshenziswa lungakhiqiza ukuncika entweni ethileNakuba kungelona ingozi kakhulu ngobuningi obuncane (eqinisweni, izifundo eziningana zikhombisile ukuthi kungaba wusizo empilweni yenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi ngomthamo ophakathi), ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kungabangela izinkinga zempilo (ikakhulukazi kubantu abasha, abesifazane abakhulelwe, noma labo abanezimo ezikhona kakade), njenge:
- Izinkinga ohlelweni lokugaya ukudla kanye nolwesisu (isicanucanu, ukucasuka kwesisu, uhudo).
- Kunzima ukulala kanye nokungalali kahle lapho kudliwa sekwephuzile emini.
- Ukwesaba, ukucasuka, nokukhathazeka, ikakhulukazi kubantu abazwelayo.
- Ukwanda komfutho wegazi kanye nesilinganiso senhliziyookungaba yinkinga kubantu abanesifo senhliziyo.
Kusukela ezinkomishini eziningana ngosuku, umzimba ungathuthuka ukubekezelela i-caffeinekudinga amanani amakhulu ukuze kufezwe imiphumela efanayo. Ukuyeka ngokuzumayo ukusebenzisa kuvame ukuba nezimpawu zokuhoxa ezincane. ukuhoxa kwesifo nobuhlungu bekhanda, ukukhathala okuphawulekayo, ukucasuka kanye nobunzima bokugxilisa ingqondo izinsuku ezimbalwa.
Ama-Anabolic steroids
I-Los ama-anabolic steroids Bayi- umuthi osemthethweni Phakathi kwezinto ezaziwa kakhulu kukhona ukuhlukahluka kokwenziwa kwe-hormone ye-testosterone, esetshenziswa ngokusemthethweni ukwelapha izinkinga ezifana namazinga e-testosterone angaphansi kwesilinganiso, ukuphazamiseka kokukhula kocansi, kanye nokulahlekelwa okukhulu kwemisipha ezigulini ezinezifo ezifana ne-AIDS, ezinye izinhlobo zomdlavuza, noma izifo ezithile zemisipha.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa kwayo ngokungemthetho kwenziwa ngabakhi bomzimba abaningi kanye nabathandi bokushintsha umzimba womuntu maqondana nosayizi wemisipha; njengoba umgomo wayo uwukusetshenziswa ngokungemthetho. ukwakha isisindo somzimba esikhulu nokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwezemidlaloLokhu kusetshenziswa okungeyona eyezokwelapha kuvame ukuhilela imithamo ephezulu kakhulu kuneyezokwelapha, inhlanganisela yama-steroid amaningana e-anabolic, kanye nemijikelezo ephindaphindwayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, okwandisa kakhulu izingozi.
Ama-steroid e-Anabolic anganikeza umzimba amakhemikhali afanele uma kukhona ukuntuleka kwe-testosterone yangempela noma inkinga ethile yezokwelapha, kodwa uma le testosterone yokwenziwa ithathwa amadoda noma abesifazane abaphilile kuphela ngezinjongo zobuhle noma ukusebenza, Kungaba umlutha futhi kubangele imiphumela eyingozi.Lokhu kufaka phakathi ukushintshashintsha okukhulu kwemizwa, ukwanda kolaka (“ukuthukuthela okukhulu”), ukwesaba, ukucasuka, kanye nokulimala kwesibindi, izinso kanye nenhliziyo.
Imiphumela emibi ye-anabolic steroids iyahlukahluka:
- Ukushintshashintsha kwemizwa kwenzeka kalulaukucasuka, iziqephu zobudlova, kanye nokuziphatha okungazelelwe.
- Ukuthambekela ebudloveni nasekuhlaselweni okuxakileikakhulukazi ngokusetshenziswa okuphezulu nokuqhubekayo.
- Ukuphazamiseka kweHormonal: ukwehla kokukhiqizwa kwe-testosterone yemvelo, ukungazali, ukuncipha kwamasende kwabesilisa kanye nokukhula kwezinwele ebusweni, ukushintsha kwezwi, ukungalingani kokuya esikhathini kwabesifazane.
- Umonakalo wezinto eziphilayo: ubuthi besibindi, izinguquko kuphrofayili yamafutha (ukwanda kwe-cholesterol "embi"), umfutho wegazi ophakeme, ingozi yokuhlaselwa yinhliziyo nezinkinga zezinso.
I-Benzodiazepines
Ama-Benzodiazepine angenye yamaqembu e- imithi ye-psychotropic evunyelwe kakhulu ngokomthetho emkhakheni wezempilo yengqondo kanye nokunakekelwa okuyisisekelo. Le mithi esemthethweni ine- ukusetshenziswa okubanzi kwezokwelaphanjengoba lezi ziyimithi esetshenziselwa ukudambisa ukukhathazeka, ukunciphisa ukucindezeleka kwemisipha, ukwenza lula ukulala nokulawula ezinye izinhlobo zokuwa kwesithuthwane.
Zivame ukusetshenziswa emithini eyaziwa ngokuthi I-Valium, I-Rivotril, I-Trankimazin, I-Lexatin, I-Orfidal kanye nabanye, ngezinjongo zokwelapha. Kodwa-ke, bangakhiqiza umlutha kalula ngenxa yokubekezelela ngokushesha umphumela we-anxiolytic kanye nokuthembela ngokomzimba okubangelwa yisenzo sawo kuma-GABA receptors esistimu yezinzwa ephakathi.
Imiphumela yayo ifana neyezinye izidakamizwa ezifana notshwala, yize ihambisana isenzo esinamandla kakhulu sokudambisa kanye nokukhathazekaUma kusetshenziswa imithamo yokwelapha, zikhipha ukuphumula, zinciphise ukukhathazeka futhi zenze kube lula ukulala, kodwa ukusetshenziswa kabi kwazo kungaba nemiphumela emibi emzimbeni: ukukhubazeka kwengqondo, ukozela okukhulu emini, ukuwa (ikakhulukazi kubantu asebekhulile), izingozi zomgwaqo, ukushintsha kwenkumbulo kanye nesifo sokuhoxa esiyingozi uma ziyekwa ngokuzumayo ngemva kokusetshenziswa isikhathi eside.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi, njengakweminye imithi yokudambisa ukucindezeleka, inhlanganisela yama-benzodiazepines notshwala, ama-opioid, noma eminye imithi yokucindezeleka. Kukhulisa ingozi yokucindezeleka kokuphefumula nokufa.Ngakho-ke, lolu hlobo lwengxube lukhathaza kakhulu.
Iziphuzo ezinamandla
Ama-Energizers nawo athathwa njenge- izidakamizwa ezingatholakala ngokusemthethweningoba zikhiqiza imiphumela evuselelayo emzimbeni futhi, njengoba sibonile ekuqaleni, noma iyiphi into eguqula umzimba kanye nokusebenza kwesimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko ibhekwa njengesidakamizwa esithinta ingqondo.
Izinto ezigqame ku- iziphuzo zamandla ikakhulukazi yilabo abashiwo kakade ikhofi kanye ne- ukukhipha izinkomokanye nezinye izinto ezifana ne-glucuronolactone, amavithamini B, futhi, kwezinye izimo, izithasiselo zezitshalo ezivuselelayo. I-caffeine iyisakhi esiyinhloko esibangela umlutha noma ukuthembela okuncane nezinkinga zempilo uma ziphuzwa ngokweqile (lezi ziphuzo zivame ukuqukethe imithamo ephezulu ye-caffeine ngethini ngalinye).
Kwabasebasha kanye nabantu abadala abasebasha, kuye kwaphawulwa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kakhulu kweziphuzo zamandla kungase kuhlobane ukuphazamiseka kwesigqi senhliziyoLe miphumela emibi ihlanganisa ukwanda komfutho wegazi, ukukhathazeka, ukuqwasha, kanye nokusetshenziswa kweminye imithi ngesikhathi esisodwa ezindaweni zasebusuku. Ukusetshenziswa ngezikhathi ezithile ngamanani aphakathi kungase kungabi yinkinga enkulu kubantu abaphilile, kodwa ukusetshenziswa njalo nangokudlulele kunezingozi.
Okokugcina, ngaphezu kwezinkinga ezishiwo mayelana nokusetshenziswa kabi kwayo, kufanele kuqashelwe nokuthi izinkinga zivame ukuvela uma zisetshenziswa kabi. kuhlanganiswe nezinye izinto ezifana notshwalaUkuhlanganisa isikhuthazi esinamandla nesidambisi kungaba yingozi. Utshwala bunciphisa umbono wokukhathala nokudakwa, kuyilapho i-caffeine igcina umuntu eqaphile, okukhuthaza ukuqhubeka nokuphuza, kwandise isikhathi sokuphuza, futhi kwandisa ingozi yokuba noshevu wotshwala, ukungasebenzi kahle kwenhliziyo, kanye neminye imiphumela emibi emibi.
Khwehlela ama-syrups
Sekuyisikhathi eside manje (futhi okudumile kakhulu ngenxa yohlobo lomculo we-Trap), ukusetshenziswa kwe-cough syrups kube yinto exakile. izinsiza zobuthi kubantu abayimilutha abangakwazi ukuthola izidakamizwa ezinamandla. Kodwa-ke, kulezi zinsuku abantu abaningi, ikakhulukazi intsha, bayisebenzisa ngokuzijabulisa. imithamo ephezulu yesiraphu ukuze uphuze utshwala futhi ngaleyo ndlela ujabulele imiphumela ewukhiqizayo.
Phakathi kwamakhemikhali aziwa kakhulu kukhona ikhodiine futhi i I-DXM (dextromethorphan)Zombili zisetshenziselwa ukucindezela ukukhwehlela okomile, kodwa njengoba sesishilo, zingakwazi shintsha umzimba ngemithamo ephezulu (okulula ukukuthola ngokuthenga ibhodlela nje, ikakhulukazi emazweni lapho ukuthengisa kungavinjelwe khona).
- La ikhodiine Ingenye yezinto ezikhishwe ku-opium, okusho ukuthi iyi-opioid. Ikhiqiza imiphumela yokudambisa nokuqeda ubuhlungu. Kwamanye amazwe, itholakala ngaphandle kwemithi kadokotela, yize ezindaweni eziningi imithethonqubo iqinisiwe ngenxa yamandla ayo okulutha.
- El I-DXM Iphinde isebenze ohlelweni lwezinzwa oluphakathi futhi, nakuba ingeyona i-opioid yakudala, ibangela ukudakwa okunezimpawu ezifana nezensangu notshwala, imiphumela evuselelayo, futhi, ngemithamo ephezulu, ingaba ukwahlukana kakhulu, okungukuthi, kufana ne-hallucinogen.
Zombili ziyimithi esemthethweni engathengwa emakhemisi anezinketho eziningi ezahlukene, njengoba zingekho kwezinye izidakamizwa kuphela. ama-syrup okukhwehlelakodwa zingatholakala futhi emaphilisini omkhuhlane nakwamanye amalungiselelo omkhuhlane.
I-Los imiphumela emibi yalezi zinto Lezi zimpawu zivame ukufaka phakathi ukubona okufiphele, ukungasebenzi kahle kokuxhumana, izinkinga zokugaya ukudla, isicanucanu nokuhlanza, kanye izinkinga zengqondo (ukudideka, ukudideka, iziqephu zokukhathazeka noma ukwethuka) ezingaba nobude obuhlukahlukene kuye ngomthamo odliwe. imithamo ephezulu kakhulu Noma uma ukusetshenziswa njalo, kungase kube nezigameko zokuphazamiseka kwengqondo, ukulimala kobuchopho, ukuquleka, ngisho nokuma kokuphefumula, ikakhulukazi uma kuxutshwe notshwala noma ezinye izidakamizwa zokucindezeleka.
Ezinye izidakamizwa ezisemthethweni ezingase zisetshenziswe kabi
Ngaphezu kwezinto esezishiwo kakade, kukhona eminye imithi esemthethweni Nakuba zinqunyelwe ukwelapha izinkinga ezithile zempilo, zingasetshenziswa kabi noma zisetshenziswe ngendlela yokuzijabulisa futhi zibe izidakamizwa eziyingozi kakhulu.
Imithi ye-psychotropic evuselelayo ye-ADHD
Izidakamizwa ezifana i-methylphenidate (ekhona emikhiqizweni eyaziwayo), ama-amphetamine kanye nemikhiqizo ephuma kuyo (njenge-Adderall kwamanye amazwe) noma i- i-modafinil Zisetshenziswa kwezokwelapha ukwelapha I-Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) kanye ne-narcolepsy. Lezi yizinto ezinomphumela ovuselelayo othuthukisa ukugxilisa ingqondo futhi zinciphise ukozela ezigulini ezixilongiwe.
Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa kwayo kusabalele phakathi abafundi kanye nezingcweti abafuna ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwabo kwengqondo noma ukumelana namahora amaningi okusebenza. Kulezi zimo, zisetshenziswa ngaphandle kokuqashwa kwezokwelapha futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngemithamo ephezulu kunenconyiwe, okwandisa ingozi yokuthi:
- I-Tachycardia kanye nomfutho wegazi ophakeme.
- Ukungalali kahle kanye nokuphazamiseka okukhulu kwemizila yokulala.
- Ukukhathazeka, ukucasuka, kanye nokwesaba.
- Ezimweni zokusetshenziswa isikhathi eside futhi okuphezulu, ukuthatheka ngokweqile, ukukhohlisa, ukubona izinto ezingekho kanye nephrofayili yezimpawu ezifana nezezinkinga zengqondo.
Nakuba i-withdrawal syndrome yayo ingavamile ukuba yingozi ngokomzimba njenge-opioid noma utshwala, ingahambisana ne- isimo sokucindezeleka esinzima kakhuluukunganaki kanye nokuntuleka kwesisusa, okuthi kwezinye izimo kuhlobene nemicabango yokuzibulala.
Amaphilisi okulala kanye nemithi yokuhlikihla ingqondo
Ngaphezu kwe-benzodiazepines yakudala, kukhona i-hypnotics yesizukulwane esisha (njenge-zolpidem, i-zopiclone, noma imithi efanayo) ehloselwe ukwelapha ukuqwasha kwesikhashana. Isenzo sabo sigxile ekubangeleni ubuthongo ngokushesha, kodwa ukusetshenziswa okuqhubekayo nokungaqondiswa kungaholela ku:
- Ukuthembela kwengqondo nokwenyamakunzima ukulala uma zingathathwanga.
- Ukuziphatha okuzenzakalelayo ebusuku (ukuvuka, ukudla, ukuphuma endlini) nge-amenesia ngosuku olulandelayo.
- Ukukhathazeka okukhulu emini, ukozela okusele, kanye nezinkinga zokugxilisa ingqondo.
Uma ziphazamiseka ngemva kokusetshenziswa isikhathi eside, zingabangela ukuqwasha okuphindaphindekayoOkusho ukuthi, ukuba kubi okwesikhashana kwezinkinga zokulala, okukhuthaza abantu abaningi ukuba baphinde baziqale ngaphandle kokugadwa, okuthuthukisa umjikelezo wokuthembela.
Izici ezithinta imiphumela nezingozi zezidakamizwa ezisemthethweni
Ingozi yesidakamizwa esisemthethweni ayixhomekile kuphela ekwakhekeni kwaso kwamakhemikhali, kodwa futhi nasezicini eziningi zomuntu siqu kanye nezimo. Phakathi kwezinto ezithinta kakhulu imiphumela kanye nezingozi kungagqanyiswa:
- Ubudala bokuqalaUkuqala ukusebenzisa utshwala, ugwayi, noma ezinye izidakamizwa ezisemthethweni usemncane kuhlotshaniswa nethuba eliphezulu lokuba nomlutha nezinkinga zempilo zesikhathi eside.
- Ubuningi kanye nobuningi Ngokuphathelene nokusetshenziswa: ukusetshenziswa ngezikhathi ezithile nangokulinganiselwe akunawo umthelela ofanayo nokusetshenziswa kwansuku zonke noma ukusetshenziswa ngemithamo emikhulu.
- Umzila wokuphathaUkubhema, ukujova, noma ukuhogela izinto ezithile kungandisa isivinini sokusebenza kwazo kanye namandla okulutha.
- Ubuthakathaka bomuntu ngamunyeUmlando womndeni wokuba umlutha, ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo kwangaphambilini, izifo zomzimba, noma izimo zokucindezeleka okungapheli kwenza kube lula ukuhlukunyezwa.
- Ukuhlanganiswa neminye imithiUkuxuba utshwala ne-benzodiazepines, ama-opioid, noma ezinye izidakamizwa zokucindezeleka, isibonelo, kwandisa izingozi zazo zonke.
Ukuqonda lezi zici kusiza ukuhlola kangcono ingozi yangempela okuhambisana nokusetshenziswa kwanoma yisiphi isidakamizwa esisemthethweni, kanye nokuklama amasu okuvimbela nokunciphisa umonakalo asebenza kahle kakhulu.
Uma zihlanganiswa, lezi zidakamizwa ezisemthethweni zibonisa ukuthi umngcele phakathi kwemithi nengozi Igebe lincane kakhulu: izinto ezifanayo ezingaqeda ubuhlungu, ukukhathazeka, noma ukuqwasha ziyakwazi ukudala ukuthembela, zilimaze izitho ezibalulekile, zishintshe ukuziphatha, futhi zibangele izinkinga ezinkulu zomphakathi uma zisetshenziswa ngaphandle kokulawula, ngakho-ke gcina isimo sengqondo sokugxeka, esinolwazi nesihlakaniphile Kubalulekile ukuthatha isinyathelo sokuvikela impilo yakho kanye nempilo yalabo abakuzungezile.
