I-Las amaseli ezilwane Ziyizingxenye zomzimba nezomzimba ezitholakala kuzo zonke izidalwa eziphilayo zombuso we-Animalia. Ziyizakhiwo ezincane kakhulu ezivumela ukusebenza kahle nokuthuthukiswa kwezinto eziphilayo, njengoba izinqubo ezihlukahlukene njengokukhiqizwa kwamandla, ukuqonda okushukumisayo, ukuzivikela ezifweni ezibangelwa amagciwane, kanye nokwakheka kwezicubu nezitho kuncike kuzo.
Ngokombono webhayoloji, amaseli ahlukaniswe izinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko: ama-prokaryotes y ama-eukaryotesEzokuqala zikhona ku-archaea namabhaktheriya futhi zibonakala ngokungabi ne-nucleus echaziwe; eyesibili, ama-eukaryotes, ane-nucleus yeseli echaziwe kahle futhi atholakala ezitshalweni, ezilwaneni, kuma-protist kanye naku-fungi.
Phakathi kwamaseli e-eukaryotic sithola iseli lesilwane, okuchazwa ngokuthi iyunithi eyisisekelo yokusebenza eyakha izicubu ezikhona ezilwaneniKuyo yonke le nto equkethwe, isakhiwo noma izingxenye zayo zichazwe ngokuningiliziwe, umsebenzi othize we-organelle ngayinye, umehluko namanye amaseli e-eukaryotic (njengamaseli ezitshalo) kanye nezibonelo ezithile zezinhlobo zamaseli ezilwane kanye nokubaluleka kwawo empilweni kanye ne-biology.
Ngenhlonipho ku ukusebenza kwamaseli ezilwane ngokujwayelekileLawa maseli, njengawo wonke amanye amaseli, agcwalisa injongo yokubamba iqhaza ezinqubweni ezibalulekile ukuze izilwane zibe khona. Isibonelo, ahilelekile ekudalweni nasekulungisweni kwezicubu, ekudlulisweni kwemizwa yezinzwa, ekucindezelweni kwemisipha, ekuvikeleni amasosha omzimba, kanye nasekulawulweni kwendawo yangaphakathi yomzimba.
Yini ukwakheka noma izingxenye zeseli lesilwane?
Ezilwaneni nakubantu kukhona ama-trillion amaseliFuthi yize kunezinhlobo zamaseli ezingaphezu kwamakhulu amabili emzimbeni womuntu, zonke zihlanganyela inhlangano efanayo eyisisekelo. Iseli ngalinye lesilwane linesakhiwo esijwayelekile esihlanganisa imvilophu yeseli, the icyoplasm futhi i i-cell nucleusKulezi zifunda kutholakala izinhlobo ezahlukene ama-organellengayinye inezimo ezithile, ukwakheka kanye nemisebenzi.
Ngokuvamile, iseli lesilwane lingabhekwa njengelihlelwe ngezingxenye ezintathu eziyinhloko:
- Imvilophu yeselula: okwakhiwa kakhulu yi-plasma membrane, ehlukanisa uhlaka lweseli futhi ilawule ukushintshana nendawo engaphandle.
- I-Cytoplasm: indawo ephakathi kwe-plasma membrane kanye ne-nucleus, lapho kutholakala khona i-cytosol kanye ne-organelles eziningi ezibangela ukushintshwa kwamangqamuzana.
- I-nucleus yeseli: I-DNA iyingxenye equkethe iningi lezinto zofuzo ngesimo se-DNA ehlelwe ngama-chromosome, futhi eqondisa imisebenzi yamaseli.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaseli ezilwane aqukethe izinto ezifana i-cytoskeleton, the i-cilia ne-flagella kumaseli athile akhethekile, kanye nama-organelle afana mitochondria, ama-lysosomes, ama-peroxisomes, Imishini yeGolgi, i-endoplasmic reticulum, i-centrosome y ama-vacuole amancane, phakathi kwabanye.
Iseli noma ulwelwesi lwe-plasma
Itholakala emvilophini yeseli, ulwelwesi lwe-plasma Ichazwa njengengxenye engaphandle kakhulu yamaseli ezilwane, ewahlukanisa imingcele, bese isebenza njengohlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi lokuvikela nokulawula okungangena noma kuphume eseli.
Yakhiwe nge- i-bilayer ye-phospholipid ngamaprotheni afakiwe, i-cholesterol, kanye nama-carbohydrate ahlobene nawo. Lesi sakhiwo sichazwa njenge- imodeli ye-mosaic ye-fluidngoba ama-molecule e-lipid ayashintshashintsha eceleni futhi amaprotheni asakazwa ngokuguquguqukayo. Ngenxa yalokhu, ulwelwesi luyazivumelanisa nezimo, luzilungise, futhi luhlanganyela ngenkuthalo ezinqubweni ze- ukuxhumana kweselula.
Imisebenzi yayo eyinhloko ihlanganisa:
- Ukuhlukaniswa kwesikhala seselula: Ihlukanisa ingaphakathi leseli nendawo engaphandle futhi igcina indawo yangaphakathi izinzile.
- Ukungena okukhethiwe: Ivumela ukudlula okulawulwayo kwezinto ezithile (njenge-ion, izakhamzimba, noma imfucuza) ngeziteshi ezithile, amaphampu, kanye nabathuthi.
- Ukuxhumana kanye nezimpawu: Iqukethe ama-receptor aqaphela ama-hormone, ama-neurotransmitter, kanye namanye ama-molecule okubonisa izimpawu, okubangela izimpendulo ezithile zamaseli.
- Ukuqashelwa kweseli: Ama-glycoprotein nama-glycolipid e-membrane asebenza njengezimpawu ezikhomba iseli ohlelweni lokuzivikela komzimba nakwamanye amaseli.
- Ukunamathela kanye nokwakheka kwezicubu: Amaprotheni e-Junction axhumanisa amaseli komunye nomunye kanye ne-extracellular matrix, evumela ukuhlelwa kwezicubu nezitho zomzimba.
I-cytoplasm
El icyoplasm Itholakala phakathi kwe i-nucleus yeseli lesilwane kanye ne-plasma membrane, futhi yakha indawo ewuketshezi ebizwa ngokuthi i-cytosol, lapho ama-organelle eseli elenga khona. Indawo engaphandle kakhulu (eduze kwe-membrane) kanye nendawo engaphakathi kakhulu (eduze kwe-nucleus) ingahlukaniswa, kokubili ngokwakheka okuhlukile kancane.
I-cytoplasm iqukethe inethiwekhi ebanzi ye ama-membrane, ama-tubules kanye nama-filaments ezenza kube lula izinqubo zamakhemikhali kanye nokuthuthwa kwangaphakathi. Ukusabela okuningi okubalulekile kwenzeka kule ndlela, njengokuthi i-glycolysis, ingxenye ye-carbohydrate metabolism, futhi isekela i-cytoskeleton, okunikeza iseli ukuma nokusekela.
Inhloso eyinhloko yale ngxenye yeseli ukugcina ama-organelle nokuhlinzeka ngezimo ezifanele (i-pH, ukuhlushwa kwama-ion, ukutholakala kwama-molecule) ukuze asebenze kahle. Phakathi kwama-organelle atholakala ku-cytoplasm kukhona i-reticulum ye-endoplasmic ebushelelezi neyimangele, the centrioles, ama-ribosomes, ama-lysosomes, mitochondria, the Imishini yeGolgi, the ama-peroxisomes, okuncane vacuoles nezakhe i-cytoskeleton.
I-reticulum ye-endoplasmic ebushelelezi neqinile
El i-endoplasmic reticulum (ER) kuchazwa ngokuthi a isethi yama-membrane axhumene ezakha amashubhu kanye nama-sacs ayisicaba. Lolu hlelo lusabalala kuyo yonke i-cytoplasm futhi luhlukaniswe izifunda ezimbili ezinemisebenzi ehlukile: i-reticulum ebushelelezi ye-endoplasmic (SER) futhi i i-rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER).
- I-reticulum ye-endoplasmic ebushelelezi: Ibonakala ngokungabikho kwama-ribosome ebusweni bayo. Inhloso yayo eyinhloko ukukhiqiza amafutha amaningi ezakha ingxenye ye-membrane yeseli kanye nezinye izakhiwo zangaphakathi ze-membrane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, idlala indima ku- ukwenziwa kwama-hormone e-steroid emaseli akhethekile, ukukhishwa kwezidakamizwa okungaba yingozi futhi ukulawulwa kwe-calcium ezinhlotsheni ezithile zamaseli.
- I-reticulum e-endoplasmic engalingani: Inama-ribosome amaningi anamathele ebusweni bayo, okwenza ibonakale ilukhuni ngaphansi kwe-microscope. Ngokuyinhloko iyimbangela yalokhu amaprotheni okukhiqiza Lawa maprotheni azokhishelwa ngaphandle, ahlanganiswe nolwelwesi lwe-plasma, noma aqondiswe kwamanye ama-organelle. Akhiqizwa kuma-ribosome, afakwe ku-rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), bese kamuva athuthwa, ngokuvamile ngama-vesicle, aye esitokisini. Imishini yeGolgi ngokuguqulwa nokusatshalaliswa kwayo.
Ama-Centrioles kanye ne-centrosome
Ngaphakathi i-cytoskeleton Kungenzeka ukuthola centriolesAma-organelle ayisilinda akhiwe yizinqwaba zama-microtubules. Asebenza umsebenzi we hlela ama-microtubules futhi zibalulekile ezinqubweni ezifana nokuthuthwa kwama-organelle ngaphakathi kweseli, ukugcinwa kwesimo seseli, futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke, ukuhlukana kwamaselula.
Ama-centriole avame ukuqoqwa ngamabili abizwa ngokuthi ama-diplosomeUma zihlotshaniswa nezinto ezisemaphethelweni e-pericentriolar, zakha i- i-centrosome, esebenza njenge isikhungo sokuhlela se-microtubule futhi kuyisisekelo ekwakhiweni kwe i-mitotic spindle, isakhiwo esihlukanisa ama-chromosome ngesikhathi se-mitosis.
Ama-Ribosomes
I-Los ama-ribosomes Zikhona ezingxenyeni ezahlukene zeseli lesilwane, njenge-rough endoplasmic reticulum, i-cytosol, ngisho nangaphakathi kwe-mitochondria. Ziyi-complexes ezakhiwe yi-ribosomal RNA namaprotheni, futhi umsebenzi wazo uwukwenza abahumushi bolwazi lwezakhi zofuzo, njengoba behlanganisa amaprotheni ngemiyalelo equkethwe ku- i-RNA yesithunywa (i-mRNA).
Ama-ribosome amahhala ku-cytosol akhiqiza ngokuyinhloko amaprotheni azosebenza ngaphakathi kweseli, kuyilapho ama-ribosome ahlobene ne-rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) enesibopho samaprotheni azokhishwa noma ahlanganiswe kuma-membrane. Ngale ndlela, ahlanganyela cishe kuzo zonke izinqubo ezibalulekile, kusukela Imisebenzi eminingi yamaseli incike kumaprotheni.
ILysosomes
I-Los ama-lysosomes Ngokuvamile zitholakala kumaseli aqukethe ukuhlangabezana nenhloso yokubhekana nezifo, njengezinhlobo ezithile zamaseli amhlophe egazi. Zingama-vesicle aboshwe nge-membrane aqukethe isethi ama-enzyme e-hydrolytic okugaya ukudlaekwazi ukonakalisa ama-molecule amakhulu, izinsalela zama-organelle alimele, izinhlayiya ezidliwe, noma ngisho nama-microorganisms abangela izifo.
Lezi zakhiwo zihlanganyela ezinqubweni ezimbili ezibalulekile:
- Ukwakheka kwe-Heterophagy: ukugaywa kwezinto ezingena ngaphandle kweseli, njengebhaktheriya noma ezinye izinhlayiya ezithathwe yi-endocytosis noma i-phagocytosis.
- I-Autophagy: ukuwohloka kwezingxenye zamaseli ezonakele noma ezingasasebenzi, okuvumela ukuthi ziphinde zisetshenziswe.
Ama-Lysosome akhona ku- amaseli e-eukaryotic ezilwaneni futhi ukusebenza kwayo ngendlela efanele kubalulekile ukuze kulondolozwe ukuhlanzeka kwangaphakathi nokuvimbela ukunqwabelana kwemfucumfucu noma izakhiwo ezinephutha.
Mitochondria
I-Las mitochondria kubhekwa njenge- injini yamandla okuvumela iseli ukuthi lisebenze. Lawa ma-organelle ane-membrane ephindwe kabili aguqula izakhamzimba (ikakhulukazi i-glucose nama-fatty acid) abe uphethiloli wamakhemikhali kwamaseli, ngesimo I-ATP (i-adenosine triphosphate).
Ngaphakathi, ukuphefumula kwamaseli nge-aerobicInqubo lapho amakhemikhali e-organic e-oxidized khona ukuze akhiphe amandla. Amaseli adinga amandla amaningi, njengamaseli emisipha noma ama-neurons, avame ukuba ama-mitochondria amaningiNgaphezu kwalokho, lezi zakhiwo zine-DNA yazo ye-mitochondrial futhi zihlanganyela ekulawulweni kwezinqubo ezifana apoptosis noma ukufa kwamangqamuzana okuhleliwe.
Isisetshenziswa sikaGolgi
El Imishini yeGolgi Luhlelo lwama-flatted membranous sacs (cisternae) atholakala ku-cytoplasm, ngokuvamile eduze kwe-nucleus kanye ne-rough endoplasmic reticulum. Umsebenzi walo oyinhloko guqula, hlela, paka futhi usabalalise amaprotheni kanye nama-lipid akhiqizwa ku-RER.
Amaprotheni asanda kuhlanganiswa afika ku-Golgi apparatus ngesimo sama-vesicle. Lapho angenza izinguquko ezifana nokwengezwa koshukela (i-glycosylation) noma amanye amaqembu amakhemikhali, bese ehlelwa abe ama-vesicle amasha aqondiswe endaweni yawo yokugcina: i-plasma membrane, amanye ama-organelle, noma ingaphandle leseli.
Ama-Peroxisome nama-vacuole amancane
Ngaphezu kwama-lysosome, amanye ama-organelle e-vesicular atholakala ku-cytoplasm yeseli lesilwane:
- I-Peroxisomes: Ziqukethe ama-enzyme anjenge-oxidases kanye ne-catalase, ahlanganyela ekusabeleni kwe- ukushiswa kwe-fat acid nase- ukukhishwa kwe-detox kumakhemikhali njenge-hydrogen peroxide. Zisiza ukugcina ibhalansi ye-redox nokususa izinto ezingaba yingozi.
- Ama-vacuole amancane: Amaseli ezilwane awanawo i-vacuole enkulu ephakathi njengamaseli ezitshalo, kodwa anawo ama-vesicles amancane nama-vacuole ezigcina amanzi, ama-ion, izakhamzimba noma imikhiqizo elahliwe okwesikhashana, futhi zisiza ekugcineni ivolumu kanye nengcindezi yangaphakathi.
I-Cytoskeleton, i-cilia kanye ne-flagella
El i-cytoskeleton Kuyinethiwekhi enezinhlangothi ezintathu yama-filament amaprotheni (ama-microtubules, ama-filament aphakathi nendawo, kanye nama-microfilament e-actin) anwebeka kulo lonke i-cytoplasm. Ihlinzeka ukwesekwa kwemishini, igcina isimo seseli, ivumela ukunyakaza kwama-vesicles nama-organelles futhi kwenza kube lula izinqubo ezifana i-cytokinesis (ukuhlukaniswa kwe-cytoplasm ngesikhathi sokuhlukaniswa kweseli).
Kwamanye amangqamuzana ezilwane akhethekile, kuvela ukuvela kwe-membrane okuhlobene ne-cytoskeleton:
- I-Cilia: Ziyizandiso ezimfushane neziningi ezitholakala ebusweni beseli. Ngokusebenzisa ukunyakaza okuhlelekile, okufana nesigwedlo, hambisa uketshezi oluzungeze iseli noma basusa izinhlayiya phezu kwe-epithelium, njengoba kwenzeka endleleni yokuphefumula.
- I-Flagella Ziyizakhiwo ezifanayo, kodwa zinde kakhulu. Umsebenzi wazo uwukuthi susa lonke iseliesebenza njengohlelo lokuqhumisa. Kubantu, isibonelo esicacile yilesi i-flagellum yesidoda, okuvumela ukuthi iqhubekele phambili endaweni yoketshezi.
Ingqamuzana leseli
Kubizwa i-cell nucleus kuya ku-organelle ngokuvamile itholakala phakathi kwamaseli ezilwane (nakuba indawo yayo ingahluka kuye ngohlobo lweseli). Yindawo lapho cishe lonke ulwazi lwezakhi zofuzo lugcinwa khona ngesimo se- I-ADN, futhi yakhiwe yi- ulwelwesi lwenuzi, the i-nucleoplasm, lo i-chromatin futhi i i-nucleolus.
- Ulwelwesi noma imvilophu yenuzi: Yakhiwe ngesakhiwo esine-membrane ephindwe kabili ivikela futhi inciphise ingqikithi kweseli lonke. Inezimbobo zenuzi ezivumela ukushintshaniswa kwama-molecule phakathi kwe-nucleus ne-cytoplasm, njengokuphuma kwe-messenger RNA kanye nokungena kwama-nucleotide. Umsebenzi wayo oyinhloko ukunikeza isikhala esifanele se- Ukubhalwa kwe-DNA ku-RNA futhi, ngokungaqondile, kube lula okulandelayo ukuhunyushwa kolwazi lwezakhi zofuzo lube amaprotheni.
- I-Nucleoplasm: obeye aziwe njengo i-cariplasma o i-cytosol yenuziI-cytoplasm iyindawo ewuketshezi etholakala ngaphakathi kwe-nucleus yeseli; iqukethe i-chromatin kanye ne-nucleoli. Inhloso yayo ukuvumela nokusekela ukusabela kwamakhemikhali okwenzeka ku-nucleus, njengokuphindaphindwa kwe-DNA kanye nokubhalwa kwayo.
- I-Chromatin: I-Chromatin yinto eyakhiwe yi- I-DNA, i-RNA, namaprotheni (ikakhulukazi ama-histone) akha ama-chromosome e-eukaryotic. I-Chromatin ingaba yi-condensed kakhulu (heterochromatin) noma ikhululeke kakhulu (euchromatin), kuye ngokuthi izakhi zofuzo ziyasebenza noma azisebenzi ngesikhathi esithile.
- I-Nucleolus: Kuyisakhiwo esiminyene esingenalo ulwelwesi lwaso, esibonakala ngaphakathi kwe-nucleus. Umsebenzi waso oyinhloko... ukuqoshwa kwe-ribosomal RNA (rRNA) futhi i ukwakheka kwe-ribosomeLokhu kuhilela ukuhlanganiswa kwamaprotheni e-ribosomal ane-rRNA, okubangela ama-subunit e-ribosomal azothuthela ku-cytoplasm. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-nucleolus ihlanganyela ku- ukulawulwa komjikelezo weseliku impendulo yokucindezeleka kwamaseli kanye nasezinqubweni ezihlobene ukuguga yeseli.
Izinhlobo zamaseli ezilwane kanye nokukhethekile kwazo
Amaseli ezilwane abelana ngesakhiwo esiyisisekelo esichazwe, kodwa ezintweni eziphilayo ezinamaseli amaningi ahluka ukuze akhe izinhlobo eziningi izinhlobo zamaseli ezikhethekilengalinye linezici zesimo kanye nokusebenza ezivumelaniswe nomsebenzi walo othize. Ezinye izibonelo ezivelele yilezi:
- Amaseli we-Epithelial: yakha i-epithelia yendwangu kanye nezakhiwo zokukhipha izitho zomzimba ezimboza ubuso bomzimba bangaphandle nobangaphakathi (isikhumba, i-mucosa yomgudu wokugaya ukudla, umgudu wokuphefumula, imithambo yegazi). Ngokuvamile zihlanganiswa ndawonye futhi zisebenza njenge Isithiyo esivikelayongaphezu kokuhlanganyela ekumuncweni nasekukhiqizweni kwezinto.
- Amaseli emizwa noma ama-neurons: Ziyiseli ezikhethekile kakhulu ku- ukudluliswa kwemizwa kagesi kanye nezimpawu zamakhemikhaliZinezandiso (ama-axon nama-dendrite) ezizivumela ukuthi zixhumane namanye ama-neuron, imisipha, noma ama-gland, zixhumanisa imisebenzi yezinzwa, yokunyakaza, kanye neyokuqonda.
- Amaseli emisipha: Zihlanganisa imicu yamathambo, yenhliziyo, kanye nemisipha ebushelelezi. Zilungiselelwe ukuqunjelwa Ngenxa yokuba khona kwamaprotheni aqunyiwe (i-actin ne-myosin) ahlelwe abe ama-myofibrils, umsebenzi wawo uvumela ukunyakaza komzimba, ukupompa igazi, kanye nokusebenza kwezitho zangaphakathi.
- Amaseli egazi: egazini umuntu angahlukanisa amangqamuzana abomvu egazi (zithutha umoya-mpilo ngenxa ye-hemoglobin futhi, lapho sezivuthiwe, azinawo i-nucleus), amaseli amhlophe egazi (bamba iqhaza ekuvikeleni amasosha omzimba) kanye ama-platelet (Bahilelekile ekujiyeni nasekulungiseni imithambo yegazi eyonakele).
- Amaseli ezicubu ezixhumeneyo: njenge-fibroblast, ama-adipocyte, ama-macrophage, namaseli e-mast, okuyizinto ezibangela lokhu. ukuhlanganisa, ukusekela nokuvikela Ezinye izicubu. Zikhiqiza i-extracellular matrix, zigcina amafutha, noma zihlanganyele ekuphenduleni kokuvuvukala.
- Amangqamuzana ethambo: ama-osteoblast, ama-osteocyte, nama-osteoclast, alawula ngendlela ehlelekile i- Ukwakheka, ukugcinwa kanye nokuvuselelwa kwezicubu zamathambookuvumela amathambo ukuthi azivumelanise nezidingo zemishini kanye nokulinganisela kwamaminerali emzimbeni.
Umehluko phakathi kwamaseli ezilwane namaseli ezitshalo
Nakuba amangqamuzana ezilwane nezitshalo e-eukaryotic futhi abelana ngama-organelle amaningi (i-nucleus, i-mitochondria, i-Golgi apparatus, i-endoplasmic reticulum, ama-ribosome, njll.), abonisa umehluko obalulekile okuhlobene nendlela yokuphila yesidalwa ngasinye.
- Udonga lweseli oluqinile: Amaseli ezitshalo azungezwe yi- udonga lwamaselula Yakhiwe ngokuyinhloko nge-cellulose, eqinisa ukuqina kwayo futhi inciphise ukukhula kwayo. Abanalo udonga lweseli, i-plasma membrane kuphela, ebanika i- okuguquguqukayo nokungajwayelekile kanye nokuhamba okukhulu.
- Usayizi kanye nama-vacuoles: amaseli ezitshalo ngokuvamile omkhulu futhi ube a vacuole enkulu emaphakathi zigcwele uketshezi olulawula i-turgor. Emangqamuzaneni ezilwane, lawa avame kakhulu ama-vacuole amancane nama-vesicle isakazeke kuyo yonke i-cytoplasm.
- Ama-Chloroplasts: Ama-chloroplast ayi-organelles atholakala kuphela ezitshalweni kanye nakwezinye izinhlobo ze-algae. Aqukethe chlorophyll futhi wenze i-photosynthesisukuguqula amandla okukhanya abe amandla amakhemikhali. Amaseli ezilwane Abanazo i-chloroplast futhi bathole amandla abo ekuphefumuleni kwamangqamuzana besebenzisa izakhamzimba ezidliwayo.
- Ama-Centrioles, i-cilia, kanye ne-flagella: amaseli ezilwane anayo centrioles futhi kwezinye izimo, i-cilia ne-flagella athuthukiswe kahle, abalulekile ekuhlukaniseni nasekunyakazeni kwamaseli. Amaseli amaningi ezitshalo awanazo izakhiwo ze-centrioles noma izakhiwo ezinjalo ze-locomotor, ngaphandle kwama-gametes ahambayo kwezinye izinhlobo.
Lokhu kwehluka kwesakhiwo nakho kubonisa amasu ahlukene okuphilaIzitshalo ngokuyinhloko ziyizinto eziphilayo ezizenzakalelayo nezi-sessile (ezihlala endaweni eyodwa), kuyilapho izilwane zi-heterotrophic futhi, ezimweni eziningi, zihambahamba, okudinga amaseli aguquguquka kakhudlwana futhi ajwayele ukunyakaza nokuxhumana okusheshayo.
Izingxenye nemisebenzi echazwe yeseli yesilwane ibonisa ukuthi, ngezinga elincane kakhulu, izinqubo ezifana nokukhiqizwa kwamandla, ukwenziwa kwama-molecule, ukususwa kwemfucuza, ukuxhumana kwangaphakathi nangaphandle, ukuhlukaniswa kwamaseli, kanye nokukhethekile kuhlanganiswa kanjani. Ukuqonda le nhlangano kuvumela ukuqonda okungcono komsebenzi wezicubu, ukuthuthukiswa kwezifo lapho noma yiziphi zalezi zingxenye zehluleka, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezicelo ezintsha zezokwelapha ezifana nokwelashwa kwamaseli kanye namasu obunjiniyela bezicubu.
Lezi yizingxenye zamaseli e-eukaryotic atholakala ezilwaneni kanye nemisebenzi yazo ngayinye; sithemba ukuthi ulwazi belulula ukuliqonda. Uma unemibuzo, isigaba sokuphawula siyatholakala. Uma ukuthole lokhu kuwusizo, sikukhuthaza ukuthi wabelane ngalokhu okuqukethwe ezinkundleni zakho zokuxhumana ukuze nabanye bazuze.