Isikhathi seBaroque sibhekwa njengenkathi yamasiko, ngemva kobuhle beRenaissance, eyashintsha ngokuyisisekelo indlela ubuciko nokuphila okwakuqondwa ngayo. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, ukuzwela kobuhle , izingqikithi, kanye nethoni okwakubhekwana ngayo konke kwashintsha: lapho ukuvumelana, ibhalansi, kanye nokholo esintwini kwakubuse khona ngaphambili , ukudumazeka , ukwesaba kokuphila , umuzwa wokuthi konke kuyadlula, kanye nokuqaphela ukuthi ukubonakala kungasikhohlisa manje sekuvele.
Lolu shintsho lubonakala ezincwadini , eziqoshwe ngezithombe , ezidwetshweni , emculweni , eshashalazini , futhi, ikakhulukazi, ezinkondlweni zeBaroque . Luhlola ngezindikimba ezivuselelwe njengothando oluphikisanayo, ukudlula kobuhle, ukufa, ukholo, ubuzenzisi bomphakathi, amandla, impi, kanye nokungqubuzana phakathi kokucabanga nesifiso.
Ezweni lamaHispanic, ikakhulukazi eSpain , lolu shintsho ekuqondeni luhambisane nenkinga enkulu yezepolitiki neyezenhlalo . Ubukhazikhazi bangaphambili bombuso bawa, iphrojekthi yobukhosi yaphela, futhi ubukhosi bamakhosi okugcina aseHabsburg bangena enkathini yokwehla. Lokhu okuhlangenwe nakho komlando kokuwa nokulahlekelwa kwangena ezindabeni futhi kwaba yisizinda sezinkondlo eziningi.
Iyini inkondlo yeBaroque futhi yini eyenza ibe ekhethekile kangaka
Izinkondlo zeBaroque zathola izinhlobo ze-metrical ze-Renaissance (ikakhulukazi i -sonnet , i- silva , i- lira , kanye ne- ottava rima ), kodwa zayisa ezingeni eliphakeme kakhulu lobuningi bomqondo kanye nobunzima bokukhuluma . Kwavela izitayela ezimbili ezinkulu ngaphakathi kwayo, ezazivame ukuhlangana:
- ICulteranism: ibeka phambili ubuhle obuhlelekile yenkulumo. Iyadla UbuLatinismizinkomba inganekwane, ama-hyperbatons aphawuleka kakhulu kanye nesichazamazwi ikhule kahle futhi ihlotshiswe kahleIsakhi sayo esikhulu kunazo zonke yi- ULuis de Gongorakuze kube seqophelweni lokuthi kuvame ukushiwo Ubugongori.
- Umbono: igxile ku ubukhali bomqondoIfuna ukuhlanganisa inani elikhulu lokuqukethwe libe ngamagama ambalwa, ngokusebenzisa iziqephu zobuchophoIziphicaphicwano, izincazelo ezimbili, izinto eziphikisanayo, kanye nokuhlangana okumangazayo. Isibalo sakhe esikhulu singu UFrancisco de Quevedoyize abanye ababhali abafana no I-Baltasar Gracian Baphinde bayiyise kuphrozi.
Ngaphandle kwalomehluko ekugcizelelweni, zonke izinkondlo zeBaroque zabelana ngezici ezithile ezibalulekile:
- Umbono ongenathemba y ukudumazeka ngokuba khona: ukuphila kubhekwa njengento ebuthakathaka, emfushane, futhi engazinzile.
- Ukuzikhandla kakhulu nge isikhathi sidlula futhi for ukufaokubonakala ezihlokweni ezifana nokuthi i-tempus fugit (isikhathi siyashesha) noma ama-vanitas (ukuzindla ngobuze bezinto zasemhlabeni).
- Ukunambitheka kwe ukuphikisana futhi i ukweqisa: uthando/inzondo, ukubukeka/iqiniso, umzimba/umphefumulo, ingcebo/ubumpofu, amandla/ubuthaka…
- Ulimi okuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, okuhlose ukuhlaba umxhwele umfundi futhi kubonise ubuhlakani bembongi, kungaba ngokujabula okusemthethweni noma ukujula komqondo.
Ngaphakathi kwale ndawo yonke, izinkondlo ze-Baroque ziyathuthuka: izindikimba eziningi ezazingathintwa kancane ezikhathini zangaphambilini, kungaba ngokombono oseduze noma wefilosofi, manje seziba yindaba enelungelo lesihloko sevesi. Uthando luhlala lukhona, kodwa luvame ukuvezwa njengomzwelo ophikisanayo nobuhlungu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlekisa komphakathi , ukugxekwa kwezepolitiki , ukuzindla ngenkolo , kanye nokuzindla okungaphezu kwemvelo ngokuphila nokufa kuyachuma.
Izindikimba eziyinhloko zezinkondlo zeBaroque
Ngokusekelwe ezibonelweni ezidumile kakhulu kanye nemisebenzi yokubhekisela yaleso sikhathi, kungahlukaniswa ama-core amaningana anezihloko aphindaphindwayo ngokuhlukahluka kanye nama-nuances ezinkondlweni zeBaroque:
- Uthando oluxakileKubonakala njengamandla aphakamisa futhi abhubhise, anikeza ukuphila futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo alimaza. ULope de Vega, uQuevedo, uSor Juana Inés de la Cruz, noJohn Donne bahlola uthando njenge- i-carousel yemizwa ephikisanayo, lapho inkanuko, umona, isifiso, umuzwa wecala, ububele kanye nentukuthelo kuhlangana khona.
- Ukudlula kobuhle nokuphilaIzingoma eziningi zigcizelela ukuthi ubusha nobukhazikhazi bomzimba kuyize. Izimbongi ezifana noGóngora, uCalderón, noma uSor Juana zisebenzisa izithombe zezimbali, ama-rose, noma izinkanyezi ezibunayo ukuze zigcizelele ubuthakathaka bobuntu.
- Ukudumazeka kanye nokuzidla komhlabaKugcizelelwa isimo esikhohlisayo senkazimulo, amandla, ingcebo, noma udumo. Ababhali abavela emazweni ahlukene (Quevedo, Medrano, Gryphius, Filicaja, Dryden…) bayavumelana ekudwebeni umhlaba lapho konke kubhidlika khona futhi kuphela ukufuna iqiniso eliphakeme noma ukwamukelwa kokungabi nalutho komuntu okusalayo, okungenani.
- Ukufa kanye nokuphila ngemva kokufaIzinkondlo zeBaroque azifihli ukufa, kodwa kunalokho zikubeka phambili. Ngezinye izikhathi ngethoni yenkolo (uMilton, uRacine, uDiego de Hojeda), ngezinye izikhathi ngefilosofi yokuphelelwa yithemba (uShakespeare, uSponde, uCalderón), izinkondlo ziyabuza ukuthi siyini, ukuthi yini esikhuthazelelayo, nokuthi sibhekana kanjani nokuphela.
- Ukugcona, ukugxekwa kwezenhlalo nakwezepolitikiNgesikhathi sokungezwani okukhulu nokungalingani, izimbongi eziningi zasebenzisa amavesi ukugxeka ubuzenzisi, ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla, izinhlupheko zokuziphatha o ukungabi nabulungisaU-Quevedo, Gregorio de Matos, Juan Ruiz de Alarcón, Medrano noma u-Quevedo ezixwayiso zakhe eziya kubafundisi ubonisa kahle lo mthambo.
- Ingokomoya kanye nokungqubuzana kwangaphakathiNgaphandle kwemfundiso yenkolo, izinkondlo zeBaroque zihlola impi yomphefumulo NoNkulunkulu, nomuzwa wecala, nomusa, kanye nokulinganiselwa kwabo. USor Juana, uSanta John weSiphambano, uSanta Teresa, uDiego de Hojeda, uMilton, noDryden babonisa indlela ukholo oluphilwa ngayo phakathi kokungabaza, ukwesaba, ukusesha kanye nenduduzo.
Lezi zindikimba ezinkulu aziveli zodwa. Enkondlweni eyodwa, uthando, ukufa, ukugcona, kanye nokuzindla okungokoqobo kungaxhunyaniswa, njengoba kuboniswe ngobuciko yinkulumo-ze edumile kaSegismundo encwadini kaCalderón ethi Life Is a Dream , lapho konke ukuphila kuthathwa njengephupho , iqiniso njengenkohliso , kanye nomuntu njengesidalwa esingenalusizo , noma kunjalo, esigcina ikhono lokukhetha.
Izimbongi ezimele kakhulu zesikhathi samaBaroque
Ukuceba kwesikhathi seBaroque kubonakala ohlwini lwababhali abaletha izinkondlo emazingeni aphezulu emazweni ahlukene. Phakathi kwezimbongi ezivelele kakhulu zeBaroque , singabala, ngaphandle kokuqeda uhlu:
- ULuis de GongoraUmsunguli ovelele we-culteranismo yaseSpain. Umsebenzi wakhe uhlanganisa ama-sonnets othando, ama-satires, izinkondlo zefilosofi, kanye nezingoma ezinhle ezifana ne- I-Polyphemus noma i Izikhathi zokuhlala.
- UFrancisco de Quevedo: umuntu oyinhloko womqondo. Wahlakulela konke kusukela ku-sonnet yothando kuya kumahlaya ezepolitiki, izinkondlo zenkolo, ukuzindla ngokuziphatha kanye nezinkondlo ezihlekisayo zobuhlakani obukhulu.
- I-Lope de VegaNgaphezu kokuba ngumguquli wemidlalo yaseshashalazini, ushiya umsebenzi omkhulu wezingoma, lapho ehlanganisa khona ubulula obuvezayo, ukujula ngokomzwelo, kanye nobuciko obuhle obusemthethweni.
- Sr. Juana Inés de la CruzImbongi enkulu ye-Hispanic American Baroque. Izinkondlo zakhe zihlanganisa uthando, ukugxekwa kobandlululo, ukucabanga kwefilosofi nenkolo, kanye nobuhlakani obungavamile bokucabanga.
- UPedro Calderon de la Barca: owaziwa kakhulu njengombhali wemidlalo, kodwa futhi ungumbhali wezincwadi ezikhuluma ngobuningi bezinto ezingaphili kanye nezenkolo.
- John MiltonNgesiNgisi, ihlanganisa isiko lakudala nobuKristu bamaProthestani; ama-sonnet ayo kanye nezinkondlo ezidumile (Paradise Lost) ihlanganisa ingokomoya eliqinile nelicabangayo.
- William Shakespeare: umuntu oguqukayo phakathi kweRenaissance neBaroque, onezinsika zakhe ezihlanganisa izindikimba eziningi zeBaroque: isikhathi, ubuhle obudlulayo, ukufa, nothando oluhlala njalo.
- UJohn Donne: ummeleli walokho okubizwa ngokuthi izinkondlo ze-metaphysical IsiNgisi, sihlanganisa uthando, inkolo nefilosofi nezithombe ezinesibindi kanye neziphikiso ezijulile.
- UGiambattista Marino: umholi weBaroque yase-Italy noma ubulwandleIthanda ubuhle bokukhuluma, ihaba, kanye nokumangala okuqhubekayo.
- UJean-Baptiste Poquelin (Moliere)Waziwa kakhulu ngemidlalo yakhe, kodwa futhi nombhali wezinkondlo zothando ezithambile, njenge- Ukuhlala okuhle.
- UJean de Sponde y UJean RacineEFrance, bamelela iBaroque yenkolo neyokuziphatha, kanye nama-sonnet aphathelene nothando, ukufa, nomusa.
- U-Andreas Gryphius y UChristian Hofmann von HofmannswaldauNgomongo waseJalimane, zibonisa umonakalo wempi kanye nobuhle obudlulayo.
- UGregório de Matos Guerra y UBento TeixeiraEBrazil nasePortugal, bahlanganisa ukugcona, ukugxekwa komphakathi, kanye nokuzinikela enkolweni.
- Miguel de Cervantes, UTirso de Molina, UJuan Ruiz de Alarcón, UFrancisco de Medrano, UFrancisco de Rioja, U-Ivan waseTarshishi, IGutierre de Cetina kanti abanye abaningi baqedela indawo ecebile kakhulu yezincwadi.
Ngezansi kunezinkondlo eziningi zeBaroque ezazinethonya elikhulu ngesikhathi sazo futhi zisabhekwa njengezingcweti namuhla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, sisebenzisa ukuqonda kwamanye amaqoqo akhethekile, sizofaka ukuphawula ngezindikimba, izimpawu, kanye namathuluzi okubhala ukuze sithuthukise injabulo nokuqonda kwakho.
1. Kushisa iqhwa, kungumlilo oqandisiwe (Francisco de Quevedo)
Ishisa iqhwa, umlilo oqandisiwe
kuyisilonda esibuhlungu nesingazwakali,
kuhle ukuphupha, isipho esibi,
kuyikhefu elifushane elidinisayo.Kungukubhekwa okusinakekelayo,
igwala elinegama elinesibindi,
ukuhamba ngesizungu phakathi kwabantu,
uthando ukuthandwa kuphela.Kuyinkululeko eboshiwe
okuhlala kuze kube yi-paroxysm yokugcina,
isifo esikhulayo uma silashwa.Le ngane kaThando, lena kwalasha yakho.
Bheka ukuthi uzoba nobungani obunjani nalutho
ophikisana naye kukho konke!Umbhali: uFrancisco de Quevedo
Le sonnet, eyaziwa nangokuthi "Incazelo Yothando ," ihlanganisa ngokuphelele umbono weBaroque wothando lothando . I-Quevedo iqoqa ama-oxymorons (iqhwa elivuthayo, umlilo oqandisiwe, inkululeko eboshiwe) ukuze isibonise uthando olwenziwe ngokuphikisana okukhulu . Abagxeki bezazi baveze indlela le nkondlo efingqa ngayo ukuqonda kweBaroque ngothando: amandla angenangqondo aphazamisa umuntu futhi angaba "isifo" sangempela somphefumulo.
Isakhiwo senkondlo silandela uhlelo olujwayelekile lwe- sonnet , kodwa okuqukethwe kungokwesimanje kakhulu: kuhlola izinto eziphikisanayo zangaphakathi zesifiso , ukungqubuzana phakathi kwesizathu nothando, isimo sokuzilimaza somuzwa othi, ngenkathi uphakamisa, udle isithandwa.
2. Yima, sithunzi… (Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz)
Yima, isithunzi sokuhle kwami ​​okungafinyeleleki,
isithombe sesipelingi engisithanda kakhulu,
inkohliso enhle engifela yona ngenjabulo,
inganekwane emnandi engihlala kuyo.Uma uzibuthe wokubonga kwakho, ukhanga,
khonza isifuba sami sensimbi elalelayo,
Kungani ungenza ngithande ukuthopha
uma kufanele ungigcone lapho bese ubaleka?Kepha awukwazi ukuba ne-blazon, wanelisekile,
ukuthi ubushiqela bakho bunqobe kimi:
ukuthi yize ushiya isibopho esincane ugconwaukuthi ifomu lakho elihle liboshwe,
akunandaba ukuklolodela izingalo nesifuba
uma inganekwane yami ikubaza ejele.Umbhali: Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz
Abagxeki bavame ukubiza le nkondlo ngokuthi "Iqukethe okuqukethwe kwenganekwane okunothando oluhle ." USor Juana ubonisa lapha, ngobuhlakani obukhulu, ukuthi uthando olungabuyiselwa lungaba kanjani umthombo wenjabulo nencazelo. Othandekayo "uyisithunzi ," "inkohliso," kodwa leyo nganekwane yanele ukuba izwi lenkondlo liphile futhi life ngenxa yakhe ngokomfanekiso.
Elandela isiko lamaBaroque, umbhali udlala ngokungezwani phakathi kwenganekwane neqiniso . Ngisho noma omunye ehleka usulu, ebaleka, noma ephika uthando lwakhe, uhlala evaleleke lapho engenakukwazi ukuphunyuka khona: emcabangweni . Le ndlela iye yaphawulwa kabanzi yizazi, ezibona kuSor Juana ukuzindla kwasekuqaleni ngamandla okuzithoba lapho kubhekene nezwe elinobutha noma elingenandaba.
3. UViolante ungiyala ukuba ngibhale i-sonnet (Lope de Vega)
I-sonnet ingitshela ukuthi ngenze iViolante,
ukuthi empilweni yami ngizibone sengisenkingeni enkulu;
amavesi ayishumi nane athi yi-sonnet,
ukuklolodela ukubhuqa hamba abathathu phambili.
Ngangicabanga ukuthi angitholi ongwaqa
Futhi ngiphakathi kwamanye amane
kepha uma ngizibona ngiku-triplet wokuqala,
akukho lutho kuma-quartet olungisabisayo.
nge-triplet yokuqala engiyingenayo,
futhi kubonakala sengathi ngangena ngonyawo lwesokudla
Qeda ngaleli vesi engilinikezayo.
Sengivele ngingowesibili futhi ngisasola
Ngifunda amavesi ayishumi nantathu aphela:
ubale uma kukhona eziyishumi nane futhi kuyenziwa.Umbhali: uLope de Vega
ULope de Vega lapha wenza isenzo sokubhala isihloko senkondlo. Okubonakala sengathi umdlalo olula kuye kwasetshenziswa ezifundweni zokubhala ukukhombisa ukuqwashisa ngesakhiwo seBaroque : imbongi ibonisa ubuchule bayo be-sonnet, ihleka ubunzima be-metric, futhi, ngesikhathi esifanayo, isikhumbuza ukuthi yonke indalo iyinto eyakhiwe isinyathelo ngesinyathelo.
Le sonnet ifakiwe cishe kuzo zonke izincwadi ezinikezelwe esikhathini samaBaroque ngoba ibonisa ukunambitheka kwale nkathi kobuhlakani , ukuzicabangela , kanye nokuhlekisa , ngisho noma ihlonipha izinhlobo zakudala ezazuzwa njengefa kusukela ku-Renaissance.
4. Ezimbalini (Pedro Calderón de la Barca)
Lezi ezaziwubukhazikhazi nenjabulo
ukuvuka entathakusa,
ntambama bayoba nesihawu esiyize
ukulala ezandleni zobusuku obubandayo.Lo hue odelela isibhakabhaka,
Iris enemigqa yegolide, iqhwa nobomvu,
kuzoba yisibonelo sempilo yomuntu:
Kuningi okwenziwayo ngosuku olulodwa!Ukuqhakaza ama-rose asheshe avuka,
kwathi ekugugeni bachuma.
embhedeni nasethuneni ngenkinobho etholakele.Amadoda anjalo umcebo wabo wabona:
ngosuku olulodwa bazalwa futhi baphelelwa yisikhathi;
ukuthi edlule emakhulwini eminyaka, amahora ayekhona.Umbhali: Pedro Calderón de la Barca
Le nkondlo ivame ukugqanyiswa njengenye yezindlela ezinhle kakhulu zokuveza isihloko se -tempus fugit . Esebenzisa umfanekiso wezimbali, uCalderón uchaza kabanzi ngesimo sempilo esidlulayo : ngosuku olulodwa, izimbali ziyazalwa, ziqhakaze, futhi ziqale ukubuna. Lesi senzakalo sibonisa ukuthi zonke izifiso zethu kanye nempumelelo yethu zifushane ngokulinganayo.
Izazi zigcizelela indlela le sonnet ehlanganisa ngayo ukunambitheka kweBaroque kwesingathekiso sezinzwa (igolide, iqhwa, ubomvu, i-iris) nombono odidekile wokuphila. Imbali iyinhle futhi iyisixwayiso: yembula ubuhle kanye nokwehla.
5. Kumdwebi waseFlemish, ngenkathi ependa isithombe sakhe (Luis de Góngora)
Uyantshontsha ukukhulekelwa kwami ​​futhi kulapho emukweleta kakhulu
kubhulashi lakho, kabili pilgrim,
womoya ophilayo ilineni elifushane
ngemibala ephuza ukoma,umlotha oyize ngiyesaba ilineni elifushane,
ngicabanga ukulingiswa kodaka,
kubani, noma ngabe kuhlangene noma kungokwaphezulu,
impilo yamnika ubukhazikhazi obuyisimungulu.OweZizwe waseBelgium, qhubeka nokweba okuhle;
lowo mlilo uzothethelela udaba lwawo,
nesikhathi sizokushaya indiva ukuthungwa kwaso.Amakhulu eminyaka lapho i-oki linamaqabunga alo,
isihlahla sizibala njengezithulu, isiqu singaboni;
Noma ngubani obona kakhulu, ozwa kakhulu, uhlala kancane.Umbhali: Luis de Góngora
UGóngora ucabanga lapha ngamandla obuciko uma ebhekene nesikhathi. Isithombe esidalwa ngumdwebi waseFlemish sintshontsha "isimo" sembongi, kodwa lokhu kwebiwa kuba kuhle ngoba kuqinisekisa ukuhlala unomphela . Ngenkathi umzimba wenyama negazi ekugcineni uzoncishiswa ube "umlotha ongenalutho ," isithombe esinemifanekiso singasinda emlilweni nasekulibalekeni.
Izifundo zale sonnet ziphawule ingxoxo yayo nesiko lemidwebo ye- "vanitas" yaseBaroque : imidwebo eqhathanisa izinto zesikhashana (izimbali, izithelo, izibuko zehora, izingebhezi) nezimpawu zobuphakade. Lapha, imbongi ngokwayo iba yisihloko sokucabanga ngalokho okusele nalokho okulahlekile.
6. Kumuntu onekhala elikhulu (uFrancisco de Quevedo)
Ngesinye isikhathi indoda yafaka ikhala,
ngesinye isikhathi kwakukhona ikhala eliphakeme kakhulu,
ngesinye isikhathi kwakukhona ikhala le-sayón bese ubhala,
Ngesinye isikhathi kunenkemba enentshebe kakhulu.Kwakuyisundial ebhekene kabi,
kanye phezu kwe-altare elicabangayo,
kwakukhona ubuso bendlovu phezulu,
U-Ovidio Nasón ukhulunywe kakhulu.Ngesinye isikhathi ngesikebhe somkhumbi,
kanye phezu kombhoshongo eGibhithe,
iziNhlanga eziyishumi nambili zamakhala zazikhona.Kanye phezu kwekhala elingapheli,
ikhala elingaka, ikhala linolaka
ukuthi ebusweni buka-Anas kwakuyicala.Umbhali: uFrancisco de Quevedo
Le sonnet edumile, eyaziwa nangokuthi "iSonnet to a Nose ," ingenye yezibonelo ezaziwa kakhulu zezinkondlo ze-baroque burlesque . Ayinikezi nje incazelo enyanyekayo yekhala elikhulu: ikhipha uhlu lwezingathekiso ze-hyperbolic (iphiramidi yaseGibhithe, i-galley ram, i-sundial, njll.) eziguqula into ibe yindawo ehlekisayo.
Amaqoqo akhethekile avame ukuqaphela ukuthi le nkondlo ekuqaleni yayifundwa njengehlaya elinonya eliqondiswe kuLuis de Góngora , imbangi kaQuevedo yezincwadi. Ngaphandle kwenhlebo yomlando, inkondlo ibonisa isitayela seBaroque sokusebenzisa izinkondlo ukuhlekisa nokuhlekisa , kuyilapho ngesikhathi esifanayo kugcinwa ukuphelela okusemthethweni okuthandekayo.
7. Uma ngicabanga ukuthi ukukhanya kwami ​​​​kunyamalala kanjani (uJohn Milton)
Lapho ngicabanga ukuthi isibani sami siphela kanjani
Ngakho kungekudala kulo mhlaba omnyama nobanzi
Futhi lelo talente okuwukufa ukufihla
Kuhlala kimi, akusizi ngalutho; nakuba umphefumulo wami ukhotheme
Ukuze ngikhonze uMdali wami, futhi ngimethule kuye
Nginecala lami futhi ngiyakwazisa
Yimuphi umsebenzi azowuthumela njengoba engiphike isibani?
Ngibuza ngothando. Kepha ukubekezela, ukuvimbela
Lokho kukhononda, ngokushesha kuyaphendula: "UNkulunkulu akadingi
Akuwona umsebenzi womuntu noma izipho zakhe: okungcono
Sekela ijoka lakho elilula umsebenzela kangcono. Igunya lakho
Kuhloniphekile; izinkulungwane zigijimela ocingweni lwakho
Futhi bahamba umhlaba nolwandle ngaphandle kokuphumula.
Kepha kuyasiza futhi kulabo abami bodwa abalindile.Umbhali: UJohn Milton
Le sonnet yaziwa kakhulu ngomugqa wayo wokuqala ngesiNgisi, "When I consider how my light is spending ." UMilton wayibhala ngemuva kokulahlekelwa ukubona, kanti elithi "light" libhekisela kokubili ekuboneni kwakhe ngokomzimba kanye nekhono lakhe lokudala . Imbongi iyabuza ukuthi ingamkhonza kanjani uNkulunkulu ngaphandle kwaleli thalente, kodwa uPatience (okwenziwe umuntu) uphendula ngokuthi ukwamukela nokuthwala ijoka nakho kuyindlela yenkonzo.
Ukufundwa okubucayi kugcizelele le nkondlo njengesibonelo esicacile sengokomoya lamaProthestani aseBaroque : ukuhlupheka kuyamukelwa, ukungabaza kuyavela, imibuzo iyaphakanyiswa, kodwa ekugcineni, ukwethemba kubekwa entandweni yaphezulu engalinganiswa ngokukhiqiza noma impumelelo yangaphandle, kodwa ngokwethembeka kwangaphakathi.
8. I-Gallant Stays (uJean-Baptiste Poquelin, Molière)
Vumela uthando lukuveze manje.
Ngokububula kwami ​​vumela ukuvuvukala.
Ungabe usalala, isidalwa esiyengayo,
Impilo ilele ngaphandle kothando.Ungakhathazeki. Endabeni yothando
ububi obuningi buba bobubi obuhlushwayo.
Lapho kukhona uthando nenhliziyo ikhala,
ububi ngokwabo buhlobisa izinsizi zabo.Ububi bothando buqukethe ukukufihla;
Ukukugwema, khulumela mina.
Lo nkulunkulu uyakwesabisa, uyathuthumela lapho umbona ...
Kepha ungenzi imfihlakalo yothando.Ingabe kukhona usizi olumnandi ngaphezu kothando?
Ngabe kungatholakala umthetho owengeziwe wethenda?
Ukuthi kubusa ngazo zonke izinhliziyo,
uthando lubusa kwelakho njengenkosi.Zinikele-ke, o, sidalwa sasezulwini;
unikeza umyalo wothando oludlulayo.
Thanda ngenkathi ubuhle bakho buhlala,
leso sikhathi siyadlula futhi asibuyi futhi!Umbhali: UJean-Baptiste Poquelin (uMoliere)
Lezi zigcawu zibonisa uhlangothi olukhanyayo nolukhanyayo lweBaroque. UMolière ukhuluma ngothando njengengxube yenjabulo nobuhlungu , kodwa ugcizelela ukuthi kufanelekile ukuthatha leyo ngozi. Isihloko *se-collige virgo rosas* (qoqa ama-rose ngenkathi intwasahlobo yakho isaqhubeka) sivelele: isikhathi sinqunyelwe, ubuhle buyaphela, kodwa okwamanje, uthando lunganikeza incazelo nokuqina empilweni.
Izifundo zale nkondlo zivame ukugcizelela ithoni yayo ekhangayo, efana nengoma , ehlanganisa ubumnandi nesimemo esicacile sokungachithi ithuba lokuthanda. Imelela kahle indlela yeBaroque, nakuba iqaphela ukudlula kwesikhathi, ilwela ukubamba isikhathi.
9. Uqhathanisa isithandwa sakhe nokusa (uTorquato Tasso)
Lapho ukuphuma kokusa nobuso bakhe bubukeka
esibukweni samaza; ngizwa
amahlamvu aluhlaza ahlebeza emoyeni;
njengoba esifubeni sami inhliziyo iyabubula.Ngiphinde ngibheke i-aurora yami; futhi uma kungijikela
ukubukeka okumnandi, ngifa ngokweneliseka;
Ngibona amafindo okuthi ekubalekeni ngiyahamba kancane
futhi lokho kwenza igolide lingabe lisathandwa.Kepha elangeni elisha esibhakabhakeni esithule
ayichithi i-skein ishisa kangaka
Umngane omuhle kaTiton onomona.Njengezinwele zegolide ezicwazimulayo
leyo mihlobiso nemiqhele ebunzini elineqhwa
okususe kuye ukuphumula kwakhe esifubeni sami.Umbhali: uTorquato Tasso
Kule sonnet, uTasso usebenzisa umdwebo wendabuko ( i-Aurora , isibonelo sokusa) ukugubha ubuhle besithandwa sakhe . Ochwepheshe baphawula ukuthi uhlanganisa izakhi zeRenaissance (ukuvumelana, i-idealization, izinkomba zezinganekwane) nokuzwela kweBaroque okubonakala ngamandla emizwa kanye nokuqaphela ukuphazamiseka kwangaphakathi okubangelwa uthando.
Umehluko phakathi kokukhanya kokusa nokukhanya kwezinwele zomuntu othandekayo, "okubeka umqhele ebusweni obuneqhwa," kuye kwaphawulwa kakhulu njengesibonelo sokulungiswa okubonakalayo kwesitayela saseBaroque sase-Italy, esikwazi ukuhumusha kokubili ubuhle nokuzinikela kothando kube yizithombe ezicashile.
10. Izenzo ezimbi (Gregório de Matos Guerra)
Yimina eminyakeni edlule
Ngahlabelela ngehabhu lami lokuthuka
Ukuxakeka kweBrazil, imikhuba emibi nokukhohlisa.Futhi ngikuphumuze isikhathi eside,
Ngicula futhi ngehabhu elifanayo,
ukukhishwa okufanayo kusihlakala esihlukile.Futhi ngizwa sengathi kuyangishisa futhi kuyangikhuthaza
UTalÃa, oyingelosi yami engigadayo
ngoba wathumela uPhoebus ukuthi angisizeUmbhali: Gregório de Matos Guerra
UGregório de Matos waziwa ngokuthi "iBoca do Inferno" (uMlomo Wesihogo) ngenxa yobukhali bezinto zakhe zokuhlekisa. Kule nkondlo, uziveza njengezwi elihloselwe ukusola ububi , amaphutha , kanye nokukhohlisa okumzungezile. Ukubhekisela kuThalia ( umnyuziki wamahlaya) noPhoebus (u-Apollo) kugcizelela ukuthi ukuhlekisa kwakhe kuyingxenye yomsebenzi ocishe ube ngcwele: ukudalula ubuzenzisi.
Abagxeki abagxile ezincwadini zeBrazilian Baroque bagcizelele ukubaluleka kwala mavesi njengobufakazi beBaroque yamakoloni ehlanganisa isiko laseYurophu neqiniso laseMelika , eliphawulwa ukungalingani, inkohlakalo kanye nokungezwani kwenkolo.
11. E-altare likaSaint Teresa (Pedro Calderón de la Barca)
Lowo ombona ngesihe, elangabini, ekubalekeni,
lima phansi, elangeni, enyonini yomoya,
I-Argus yezinkanyezi, umkhumbi olingisiwe,
Amafu ayanqoba, umoya uyaphuka uthinte isibhakabhaka.Ngakho-ke yingqungquthela yaseKarmeli
ubukeke uthembekile, umnene uhlala futhi ungcwaba ithole,
ngokumncoma okuyisimungulu ukhombisa i-süave
uthando olumsulwa, ukholo nje, intshiseko yokuzinikela.Oh isonto lokulwa, liphephile
unyathela umhlaba, umoya uvutha, useyili wasolwandle,
nabashayeli bezindiza abaningi uhulumeni wakho uyabathemba!Ukunqoba kwaphakade, yima uqinile, uphile umsulwa;
ukuthi vele kulelikhala olibonayo ligcwele amanzi
icala lokungathembeki, iphutha elimbumbulu, ukuhlubuka okungaboni.Umbhali: Pedro Calderón de la Barca
Le sonnet ingeyesiko lezinkondlo zenkolo zeBaroque kanye ne- Counter-Reformation . Esebenzisa isithombe se-altare likaSanta Teresa, uCalderón wakha umfanekiso weSonto njengomkhumbi ohamba olwandle oluyingozi (amaphutha, izimfundiso eziphambene) kodwa ohlala uqinile ngenxa yokholo.
Izifundo zalo mbhalo ziwuxhumanise nezincwadi zikaCalderón ze-autos sacramentales, lapho iSonto liphinde livele khona njengesikebhe phakathi nesiphepho. Kuyisibonelo esicacile sendlela iBaroque esebenzisa ngayo izithombe eziyinkimbinkimbi ezibonakalayo (i-altare, i-pyre, inyoni, umkhumbi, i-Argos yezinkanyezi…) ukuveza okuqukethwe kwezenkolo nokuziphatha.
12. Ishwa lesisebenzi esiphoqelelwe (Luis de Góngora)
Amashwa okuphoqiwe,
Futhi imboni evela ku-corsair,
Ibanga ukusuka endaweni
Nomusa kaFortune,
Lokho ngemilomo yomoya
Ngibanike usizo
Ngokumelene neziphambano zamaKristu
Ezinyangeni zase-Ottoman,
Zenziwe ngamehlo
Cindezela kwabaphoqelekile kuze kube yisikhathi
Izwe elimnandi, abangane bekhandlela,
Amathemba nenhlanhla.Buyisa-ke, amehlo adabukile
Ukubona ukuthi ulwandle lumntshontsha kanjani
Imibhoshongo, ikunike amafu,
Amakhandlela, futhi anikeze amagwebu.Futhi ukubona okuningi kuthokozile
Ekufuthekeni okukhulu,
Ehla izinyembezi uthi
Njengokubaba okuningi:
Ngikhononda ngobani ngokuphela okuhle kangaka,
Uma ngisiza umonakalo wami ngesigwedlo sami?«Ungalindeli ukubona amehlo ami,
Awu manje abawubonanga
Ngaphandle kwalokhu gwedla izandla zakho,
Nezinyawo ngaphandle kwalezinsimbi,
Ukuthi kuleli bhadi lami
UFortune ungitholile
Yayinjani iminyaka yami
Kuningi okuzoba ukuhlushwa kwami.Ngikhononda ngobani ngokuphela okuhle kangaka,
Uma ngisiza umonakalo wami ngesigwedlo sami?
Amakhandlela Ezenkolo,
Hlola isibindi sakho,
Ungasifinyelela kabi kangakanani
Yebo, uzama ikhambi lami.Isitha siyakushiya
Futhi umenzele isikhathi
Ngenkululeko yakho hhayi kangako
Kungakanani ukuthunjwa kwami.Ngikhononda ngobani ngokuphela okuhle kangaka,
Uma ngisiza umonakalo wami ngesigwedlo sami?
Hlala e-Achaean Beach,
Kusuka emicabangweni yami;
Khononda ngephutha lami
Futhi ungasoli umoya.Nawe, ukububula kwami ​​okumnandi,
Phula umoya ovuthayo
Vakashela unkosikazi wami omuhle,
Futhi olwandle lwase-Algiers ngikulindile. »
Ngikhononda ngobani ngokuphela okuhle kangaka,
Uma ngisiza umonakalo wami ngesigwedlo sami?Umbhali: uLuis de Góngora
Ku- "Ishwa Lomuntu Ophoqelelwe ," uGóngora usebenzisa umbono wesigqila esigqilazwe yisikebhe. Inkulumo ethi "Ngikhononda ngobani... uma ngifaka isandla enhlekeleleni yami ngesigwedlo sami?" iveza omunye wemibono ejulile kakhulu yeBaroque: ngezinye izikhathi singazi sihlanganyela enhlekeleleni yethu , kungaba ngokukhetha kwethu, isakhiwo senhlalo, noma inhlanganisela yakho kokubili.
Le ngoma ifundwe kabanzi njengesibonelo senkondlo yezindaba zeBaroque , yize isalokhu ichaza, yethula ukuzindla kokuziphatha kanye nokuphila. Ukuhlaziya kuphinde kwagqamisa izinkomba zomlando empini phakathi kwamandla amaKristu nama-Ottoman , okunikeza umongo wedrama yomuntu ngamunye.
Sithemba ukuthi uzijabulele lezi zinkondlo zeBaroque. Uma wazi ezinye izinkondlo ongathanda ukuzabelana ngazo, sicela usebenzise isigaba sokuphawula . Ukuhlola ivesi leBaroque kunikeza umbono wesikhathi, phakathi kwezimo ezinzima nobukhazikhazi, esiguqule ulimi lwezinkondlo lwaba isibuko esicacile sesimo somuntu.