Ukuze kuqondwe kangcono uhlelo lolimi , uhlobo ngalunye lombhalo luhlukaniswa ngokwezici zalo kanye nenhloso yokuxhumana. Ngaphakathi kwalolu hlobo lokuhlukanisa, izinsiza zenkulumo ziba ithuluzi elibalulekile lokuhlela izakhi zombhalo, kuyilapho izinsiza ze-prosodic zibalulekile lapho kukhulunywa ulimi. Ukwazi nokuqonda kahle zombili izinhlobo zezinsiza kuvumela ukuqonda imiyalezo okuphumelelayo kakhulu, kokubili ekufundeni nasekulaleleni.
Ukuhlaziywa ngokucophelela kombhalo ngamunye kuzonquma ukuthi uhlelwe kahle yini ngokwezinhlobo zawo, inhloso, kanye nomongo. Lokhu kubuyekezwa akusizi nje kuphela kwezemfundo kodwa futhi kuvumela amasu ocwaningo asebenza kahle kanye nokuxhumana kobungcweti, njengoba abacwaningi kanye nabaxhumanisi bengakwazi ukuveza imibono yabo ngokucacile okukhulu, ukuhambisana, kanye namandla okukholisa.
Yini imithombo ehlukanisayo?
Izinsiza ezikhuluma ngezihloko ezithile zingamasu okuhlela nokwakha imiyalezo esetshenziswa kuzo zonke izinhlobo zemibhalo ekhulunywayo nebhaliwe. Umsebenzi wazo oyinhloko ukucebisa ulimi nokwenza imiyalezo icace, isebenze kakhudlwana, ikhuthaze, noma iveze imizwa, kuye ngenhloso ehlosiwe. Cishe zonke izinhlobo zombhalo zisebenzisa uhlobo oluthile lwezinsiza ezikhuluma ngezihloko ezithile noma zihlanganise eziningana zazo, futhi yilokhu kuhlanganiswa kwezinsiza ekugcineni okuchaza isitayela sesikhulumi noma sombhali.
Lezi zinsiza zifakwa engxoxweni ukusiza umuntu otholayo ukuthi ayiqonde kangcono, alandele umqondo wemibono, futhi athole umthelela wokuxhumana ofiselekayo. Zingasetshenziswa emibhalweni yokuchaza , yokuphikisana , yokulandisa , yokubhala , yezemfundo, yokukhangisa, noma yezincwadi. Indlela ethile ezihlanganiswa futhi zihlelwe ngayo esimweni ngasinye idala isitayela sokubhala noma sokukhuluma esiyingqayizivele, esincike enhlosweni yokuxhumana, umongo, kanye nohlobo lwezithameli.
Ngokuvamile, insiza ngayinye yokukhuluma isekelwa yinsiza ethile ye-prosodic lapho umlayezo ukhulunywa ngomlomo, njengoba ithoni, isigqi, ukuphumula, ukugcizelela kanye nevolumu kungaqinisa noma kunciphise umsebenzi walezi zinsiza enkulumweni.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, igama elithi "imithombo yokuxoxisana" libhekisela nasekucabangeni kombhali : isimo sakhe sengqondo, inhloso, ukuma, kanye nendlela ethile yokuxhumana nomfundi noma umlaleli. Imithombo yokuxoxisana ihlanganisa izaga ezahlukene, izinkomba zamasiko, kanye nezimpawu zobunikazi ezixhumene ngqo namasiko, izindawo zomphakathi, kanye nezikhathi umbhali womsebenzi angowazo.
Izici zezinsizakusebenza ezidingidayo
Ukuze uqonde kangcono ukuthi zisebenza kanjani, kuyasiza ukugqamisa ezinye izici ezibalulekile zezinsiza zenkulumo ezivame ukuvela emibhalweni eminingi:
- Umlingiswa okholisayoIzinsiza eziningi ezidingidayo zifuna ukuthonya umbono noma ku- imizwelo kusuka kumuntu otholayo. Lokhu kusobala kakhulu ezinkulumweni zokuphikisana, zezombusazwe, zokukhangisa noma emibhalweni ezama ukukholisa umfundi ngombono noma isikhundla esithile.
- Ziletha ukucacaZisiza ukuhlela nokwakha umlayezo ukuze uwenze ube ngcono kucacile futhi kuyaqondakalaLokhu kuhlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kwezincazelo, izibonelo, ukubalwa, ukuphindaphinda, izixhumi, kanye nezincazelo eziqondisa umfundi noma umlaleli embhalweni.
- Ziqinisa ukuvumelanaIzinsiza zokuxoxa zivumela imibono ukuthi ihlelwe ngendlela enengqondo, ixhumanise omunye nomunye. Ngale ndlela, inkulumo igcina umugqa wesakhiwo noma incazelo elula ukuqonda konke.
- Zibonisa ubucikoNakuba izinsiza eziningi zenkulumo zinendlela yokuziveza engaguquki, isikhulumi noma umbhali uyazisebenzisa ngobuhlakani ukuze enze inkulumo ibe ngcono. ekhangayookuguquguqukayo noma okukhumbulekayo, okuvame ukuthembela ezibalweni zobuciko (izingathekiso, ukuqhathanisa, ama-hyperbole, njll.).
- Bagcizelela imibono ebalulekileZikuvumela ukuthi uqokomise ulwazi olubalulekile ngezinqubo ezifana nokuthi ukuphindaphinda, lo ukubala noma umehluko, okwenza kube lula ukukhumbula nokuqonda amaphuzu ayinhloko omyalezo.
- Zivumelana nomongoIzinsiza zokukhuluma ziyahlukahluka kuye ngezilaleli, indlela yokuxhumana, inhloso, kanye nesimo. Izinhlobo ezifanayo zezinsiza azisetshenziswa esihlokweni sesayensi, embikweni wezindaba, esifundweni sesikole, noma esikhangisweni.
- Zinesimo esiqinileImithombo ngayinye yokuxoxisana ivame ukuhlelwa ngezindlela eziqondakalayo, okuvumela kokubili isikhulumi kanye nomlaleli ukuthi babone kalula ukuthi hlobo luni lombhalo abanalo phambi kwabo (isibonelo, ukuhlukanisa incwadi of a iresiphi noma kusukela endabeni yezindaba).
Izinhlobo zezinsiza zokuxoxisana
Vele, insiza ngayinye ichazwa ngokwemisebenzi yombhalo ewuhlanganisayo. Ukuze kuqondwe kangcono futhi kuhlukaniswe izinsiza zenkulumo, uhlu lwezinsiza ezifanele kakhulu luvezwe ngezansi, kufaka phakathi lezo esezivele zivele kokuqukethwe kokuqala kanye nezinye ezivame ukufakwa ezincwadini ezikhethekile.
1. Isifaniso
Ukufanisa kusekelwe ekuqhathaniseni izinto ezikhona nempikiswano eyinhloko. Inhloso yalolu buchwepheshe ukwenza kube lula ukuqonda komfundi noma komlaleli ngokwenza imiqondo eyinkimbinkimbi iqondakale kalula ngezimo noma imibono ejwayelekile.
Umqondo wokufanisa akufanele udidaniswe nowesibonelo. Ukufanisa kusetshenziselwa ukuqhathanisa amaqiniso amabili ahlukene ngokusekelwe ebuhlotsheni noma esakhiweni esabiwe, kuyilapho isibonelo sincike emaqinisweni athile noma ezimweni ezibonisa umqondo. Ukufanisa kusungula ubudlelwano bokufana phakathi kwezimbili zezinto, kanti isibonelo sinikeza umfanekiso othize.
Isibonelo, ukusho ukuthi "ukuhlakanipha okusebenzayo kubantu kufana nomoya ezintweni eziphilayo" kusungula ubudlelwano obufanayo obusivumela ukuthi siqonde ukubaluleka kokuhlakanipha ngokukuqhathanisa nento ebalulekile njengomoya.
2. Ukuqokwa
Izingcaphuno zisetshenziselwa ukunikeza ukwethembeka ekucabangeni kombhali noma uchwepheshe othile. Zifakwa enkulumweni njengokuphinda igama , umusho , noma umqondo oshiwo ngomunye umuntu obhekwa njengonegunya kule ndaba. Ubuqotho besisho busekukwazini kwaso ukunikeza ukubaluleka nokwethembeka empikiswaneni eyethulwa yisikhulumi.
Emibhalweni yezemfundo, yesayensi, noma yezindaba, izingcaphuno zisebenza njengokusekela okubhaliwe, okubonisa ukuthi izisho ezithile aziyona nje imibono yomuntu siqu kodwa zisekelwe ocwaningweni noma ekucabangeni kwangaphambilini. Ngale ndlela, inkulumo ithola ukuqina nokukholisa.
Isibonelo, umbhali ofuna ukuthuthukisa isihloko sesayensi kufanele asho emibhalweni yakhe umcwaningi noma usosayensi osebenze kuleso sihloko. Ngokusekelwe kulokhu, umbhali angenza ukuzivikela okuqinile kwempikiswano yakhe, okusekelwa ngamaqiniso aqinisekisiwe kanye nemibono eseyamukelwe kakade.
3. Incazelo
Izincazelo zisetshenziselwa ukuphikisana nokuchaza umqondo, ikakhulukazi lapho kusetshenzwa ngemibono yobuchwepheshe, engaqondakali, noma engajwayelekile. Ziphendula umbuzo othi " Kuyini ? " futhi zizama ukuchaza ngokunembile izici ezibalulekile zento, isenzakalo, noma umqondo okuxoxwa ngawo.
Isibonelo esicacile senzeka lapho umuntu ophikisanayo kumele abonise ulwazi lwakhe endabeni futhi achaze ukuthi kungani kubalulekile ukucabangela lowo mqondo. Incazelo enhle yenza umbono wombhali ucace kakhulu , njengoba isungula uhlaka lomqondo lapho wonke umbhalo uthuthukiswa khona.
Izincazelo zivame ukusekelwe kudatha etholwe ngokubuka , okuhlangenwe nakho , noma ucwaningo lwabanye ochwepheshe. Ngokwenza kanjalo, zithuthukisa kakhulu impikiswano yenkulumo futhi zenza kube lula ukuqonda kwabafundi noma abalaleli, ikakhulukazi lapho bebhekene nezihloko ezithile noma eziyinkimbinkimbi.
4. Isibonelo
Isibonelo singenye yezinsizakusebenza ezisetshenziswa kakhulu kuzo zonke izinhlobo zokuhlaziya kanye nencazelo. Siqukethe ukwethula isibonelo esisodwa noma ngaphezulu esiqondile esibonisa umqondo ojwayelekile, okusiza umfundi ukuba abone ngeso lengqondo, aqonde, futhi akhumbule kangcono ulwazi.
Ezikhathini zanamuhla, lo mthombo uwusizo kakhulu ekwenzeni ukuqonda komfundi kube lula kakhulu. Empilweni yansuku zonke, emfundweni, kwabezindaba, noma ekusakazweni kwesayensi, isibonelo siba yinto ebalulekile ekuchazeni izinto ezenzeka emhlabeni wangempela ngendlela efinyelelekayo.
Lona umthombo odingekayo kakhulu empilweni yanamuhla, odinga incazelo yezenzakalo ezahlukene zokuphila kwansuku zonke ngamacala acacile asondelene nokuhlangenwe nakho komphakathi.
5. Ukuphenywa ngemibuzo
Ukubuza imibuzo kusetshenziselwa ukuphakamisa izinkinga ezahlukahlukene, imibuzo , noma ukungabaza ngesihloko esikhona. Ngale ndlela, umbhali kanye nomfundi bangacabanga futhi baphendule imibuzo ehlobene nencazelo yombhalo.
Ngokusebenzisa imibuzo, isikhulumi sifuna ukubandakanya ulwazi nezinkolelo zomlaleli, okwenza kube nokuhlanganyela okusebenzayo. Ezinkulumweni eziningi zokuphikisana, imibuzo ihlelwa yisikhulumi bese iphendulwa yisikhulumi uqobo, njengendlela yokuqondisa ukucabanga kwezilaleli nokubikezela ukuphikiswa okungenzeka.
Ukubuza imibuzo kusetshenziselwa futhi ukuphonsela inselelo izimpikiswano noma ukudonsela ukunaka ephuzwini elithile. Lokhu kudala isidingo kumfundi sokuhlala elalele umbhalo, njengoba ezizwa ehilelekile ekufuneni izimpendulo.
6. Ukuhlaziywa kwenkulumo
Ukuhlaziywa kwenkulumo kubhekisela ekwazini kokufunda umbhalo othize ngezindlela ezahlukene zolimi nokuxhumana. Ngokuyinhloko, ukuhlolwa kwendlela ulimi olusetshenziswa ngayo embhalweni nokuthi izakhi zawo zihlelwe kanjani ukuze kwakhiwe incazelo.
Izilimi ezisetshenziswayo , inkulumo-ze , ukusebenza , isitayela , kanye nezilimi zombhalo kungenye yemikhakha ehlaziya inkulumo. Ngayinye yazo igxila ezicini ezahlukene, njengokuvumelana, ukuhlangana, izimpawu zobuntu, ukuhlelwa kwezigaba, izixhumi, kanye namasu okuhlonipha, phakathi kwezinye izinto eziningi.
6.1 Izinhlobo zokuhlaziywa kwenkulumo
Kunezindlela noma izinhlobo ezahlukene zokuhlaziya inkulumo. Enye yezindlela ezaziwa kakhulu ukuhlaziya inkulumo okubucayi , okugxila ekutadisheni ukuthi ulimi lubonisa kanjani, luzala kanjani, noma lubuza kanjani ubudlelwano bamandla, imibono, kanye nezakhiwo zomphakathi. Kulokhu, ukuqonda kwenkulumo kuyasetshenziswa ngokuhlola ukuthi izimpikiswano ziyiqiniso yini, ukuthi zifihla izinkolelo-mbono eziyisisekelo, noma ukuthi zizama yini ukukhohlisa izilaleli.
Imiphumela etholwe kulolu hlobo locwaningo kufanele ivumele impikiswano yomuntu ukuthi iqhathaniswe futhi ihlolwe . Inhloso ukuthola ukuthi yimaphi amasu okuxoxisana asetshenziswa ukuthonya, ukukholisa, noma ukwenza izikhundla ezithile zibe semthethweni, nokuthi lawa masu ahlobene kanjani nezimo ezithile zomlando, zezepolitiki, noma zamasiko.
Ikhwalithi yenkulumo esetshenziswa ukuveza impikiswano kumele ibe nembaba kakhulu, ikakhulukazi uma impikiswano ihloselwe ukuhlala isebenza noma inethonya ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ukuhlaziywa kwenkulumo sekuyinto ebalulekile emikhakheni efana nokuxhumana komphakathi, imfundo, ezombusazwe, umthetho, kanye nokukhangisa.
7. Ukwandiswa
Ukwandisa kuyinsiza edingidayo esetshenziselwa ukunikeza imibono emisha , idatha eyengeziwe , noma izincazelo ezengeziwe ngesihloko. Isetshenziswa lapho isikhulumi sikholelwa ukuthi umfundi udinga ulwazi olwengeziwe ukuze aqonde ngokugcwele udaba noma ahlole kangcono isikhundla esivikelwe.
Uma isihloko sicacile futhi siyinkimbinkimbi , kulapho isidingo sokusebenzisa lo mthombo siba sikhulu khona. Ngokunwetshwa, izinkomba zeminye imibono, ababhali, izibonelo, amacala omlando, noma ucwaningo ziyafakwa, okucebisa inkulumo futhi kuyinike ukujula okukhulu.
Ukwandiswa kuvame ukuhambisana nezincomo zokufunda, izimemo zokuphenya kabanzi, noma ukukhulunywa ngeminye imithombo evumela umfundi ukuthi ajule kakhulu uma efisa.
8. Ukubalwa okuqongelelayo
Ukubala okuqongelelayo kuyindlela yokukhuluma equkethe ukwethula uchungechunge lwezici ezihlobene ukuze kuqiniswe impikiswano . Isetshenziselwa ukugqamisa ubuningi, ukuhlukahluka, noma amandla ezici ezishiwoyo, ngaleyo ndlela kuqiniswe umthelela womyalezo.
Ngokubhala izizathu, izici, imiphumela, noma izibonelo ngokulandelana, inkulumo ithola ukugcizelelwa futhi ibe yinto ekholisayo kumfundi noma kumlaleli. Lolu hlobo lokubala lusebenza kahle kakhulu emibhalweni ekholisayo, njengoba lunikeza umuzwa wokuqina nobufakazi obuqoqiwe obusekela umqondo.
9. Ezinye izinsiza ezivame ukuxoxwa ngazo
Ngaphezu kwezinsiza ezishiwo, imibhalo eminingi ihlanganisa nezinye izinqubo zokuxoxa ezisiza ukuhlela nokucacisa okuqukethwe:
- Ukuphindaphinda Okunesihloko: sebenzisa amagama angukhiye noma imibono eyinhloko kulo lonke umbhalo ukuze uqinise ukuba khona kwawo engqondweni yomfundi.
- Izixhumi ezinengqondo: sebenzisa izinkulumo ezinjengokuthi “ngakho-ke”, “nokho”, “ngaphezulu kwalokho” noma “esikhundleni salokho” ukuphawula ubudlelwano bembangela, umehluko, isamba noma isiphetho phakathi kwemibono.
- Ukwakhiwa kabusha: ukuchaza umqondo ofanayo ngenye indlela (ngokuwufingqa, ukucacisa amagama, noma ukushintsha umbono) ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umyalezo uqondwa kahle.
Ziyini izinsizakusebenza ze-prosodic?
Ngokungafani nezinsiza zokukhuluma, izinsiza ze-prosodic zingamathuluzi abantu abawasebenzisayo ukudlulisa ulwazi ngomlomo nangokunembile , benezela izici ezicacile emyalezweni. I-prosody ibhekisela ezicini zomsindo wenkulumo: ithoni, ukugcizelela, isigqi, ukuphumula, ivolumu, kanye nesivinini.
Lolu hlobo lwensiza lusetshenziswa kakhulu ngamabhizinisi, othisha, izikhulumi, kanye nabantu abadumile abaxhumana nabantu ukuze baxhumane ngempumelelo nabantu abaningi noma amaqembu athile. Luyisisekelo futhi empilweni yansuku zonke yawo wonke umuntu, njengoba lusenza sikwazi ukubhekisela kwabanye ngendlela efanele neqondakalayo ngaphakathi kwezindinganiso zokuxhumana zomphakathi ngamunye wezilimi.
Izinsizakusebenza ze-prosodic zisetshenziselwa ukufunda ngokuzwakalayo kusuka kudokhumenti, ukwethula izimpikiswano emphakathini, ukuqhuba imihlangano yomsebenzi, noma nje ukugcina izingxoxo eziguquguqukayo neziveza imizwa ezimweni ezingahlelekile.
Zihlanganisani izinsiza ze-prosodic?
Igama elithi izinsiza ze-prosodic libhekisela kuzo zonke izindlela zokuxhumana ezihilela izici zezwi (intonation, accents, ikhefu) futhi, ezimweni eziningi, zihambisana ne -kinesics noma ulimi olungewona olwamazwi (ukushukuma komzimba, ukuma komzimba, ukunyakaza komzimba). Nakuba i-kinesics ingeyona ingxenye ye-prosody kuphela, empeleni zombili lezi zici zivame ukuhambisana lapho umuntu ekhuluma.
Isimo sengqondo , ukuzethemba , kanye nokuzethemba kuyizinto ezibalulekile ekusetshenzisweni kahle kwalezi zinhlobo zezinsiza. Umuntu okholelwa emlayezweni wakhe, ozizwa eqiniseka, futhi olawula izwi lakhe unethuba elikhulu lokuphumelela lapho ekhuluma nabanye, njengoba izinsiza zakhe ezisheshayo zizobonakala njengezemvelo futhi zihambisana nalokho akushoyo.
Ukubaluleka komuntu ngamunye akubeka ezidingweni zakhe zokuxhumana kanye nesikhathi asichitha ekufundeni, ekuzijwayezeni nasekuthuthukiseni la makhono kuzobaluleka kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kahle kwezinsizakusebenza. Ama-workshop okukhuluma esidlangalaleni, ukufunda ngokuzwakalayo, kanye nokuzijwayeza okuqondiswayo kuvame ukuba usizo kakhulu kulokhu.
Lawa makhono ayadingeka kuzo zonke izici zokuphila, kodwa abaluleke kakhulu endaweni yokusebenza, lapho ochwepheshe kumele baveze khona imibono yabo ngokucacile nangokunembile ukuze bafeze imigomo ehambisana nesikhundla sabo. Ukusetshenziswa kabi kwezwi kungaholela ekungaqondani, ekulahlekelweni ukunakwa, ngisho nasekungathembani.
Ezingeni lemizwa, izinsiza ezisekelwe ku-prosodic zingasiza ebudlelwaneni bomuntu siqu , zenze abantu babe nekhono lokuveza imizwa nemicabango ngendlela ehambisana nesimo. Ngamafuphi, ziyasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi lokho okuzwakalayo nalokho okushiwoyo kugcina ukuvumelana okubonwa yilabo abalalele.
Izinhlobo zezinsizakusebenza ze-prosodic
Ukuze sikunike umbono ocacile noqondile mayelana nomehluko phakathi kwezinsiza ezixoxayo kanye nezinsiza ze-prosodic, kuyasiza ukwazi izinhlobo eziyinhloko zezinsiza ze-prosodic ezihilelekile ekukhulumeni ngomlomo.
1. Ukubizelwa
Ithonation iwukuhlukahluka kwethoni yezwi okubonisa imizwa noma imicabango umuntu anayo lapho ethula umlayezo ngesikhathi esithile engxoxweni noma ekufundeni. Ulimi ngalunye lunamaphethini ethonation asiza ukuhlukanisa izitatimende ezibuza imibuzo, ezibalisayo, eziqinisekisayo, ezingabazayo, noma ezigcizelelayo.
Izindlela ezahlukene zokudlulisa umyalezo zidinga ukuphinyiswa kwezwi okuhlukile, ukushintshashintsha izici ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukucaca nokwamukela. Ukuphinyiswa okuyisicefe kuvame ukuba yisicefe futhi kwenza kube nzima ngezilaleli ukugcina ukunaka, kuyilapho ukuphinyiswa okuguquliwe kahle kwenza kube lula ukulandela intambo yenkulumo.
Isibonelo, izinkondlo azikwazi ukuphindwa ngezwi elifuna kakhulu nelinolaka uma okuqukethwe yinkondlo kunothando futhi kumnandi. Kuleso simo, iphimbo elithambile, elilinganisiwe, nelinomculo liqinisa incazelo yombhalo futhi lidale isimo esivumelana nokuqukethwe kwawo.
Umthamo wezwi , ubukhali noma ubumnene bamagama, kanye nohlangothi olukhuphukayo noma oluhlayo lwemisho kuyingxenye yephimbo futhi kuhlanganiswa ukuze kuphawulwe ukuphela kwezitatimende, kugcizelelwe amagama, noma kuveze izimo zengqondo (ukuhlekisa, intshiseko, ukukhathala, njll.).
2. Umzwelo
Imizwa iyisici esikhuthazayo esivumela isikhulumi ukuthi siveze imizwa yaso kanye nemizwa yaso ngezwi laso. Akukhona nje kuphela ngalokho okushiwoyo, kodwa nendlela okushiwo ngayo: injabulo, ukudabuka, ukumangala, intukuthelo, noma ukuzola kubonakala ngokushintshashintsha kwephimbo, isigqi, kanye nevolumu.
Lesi sici singasiza isikhulumi ukuba sakhe uzwela nezilaleli zaso, njengoba imizwa iyathelelana futhi idluliselwa ngqo ngokusebenzisa i-prosody. Ezimweni zemfundo, zokwelapha, noma zobuholi, ukubonakaliswa kwemizwelo okulinganiselayo nokwangempela kungashukumisa, kududuze, noma kukhuthaze izilaleli.
3. Ivolumu
Ivolumu ibhekisela ekuqineni komsindo okhiqizwa yizwi. Ivolumu efanele yokuphimisela kwemisho ehlukene izonquma kakhulu ukuthi inkulumo noma inkulumo izophumelela yini. Ivolumu ephansi kakhulu ibangela ukuthi umyalezo ulahleke; leyo enomsindo kakhulu ingaba nolaka noma icasule.
Ulimi olunikezwa ngezwi elingafanele umyalezo, isikhathi, noma indawo aluqondwa ngokugcwele yizilaleli. Ngakho-ke, ukufunda ukulawula ivolumu ngokwesikhala, inani labalaleli, kanye nokuqukethwe komyalezo kuyisici esibalulekile sokuxhumana ngomlomo.
Ezindaweni zemfundo, isibonelo, ivolumu ingabhekwana nemisebenzi efana nokufunda ngokuzwakalayo noma ukucula, ukuqala ngokuhleba, ukuqhubekela phambili kuvolumu ephakathi, bese kuphetha ngokumemeza okulawulwayo. Le mikhuba ivumela abafundi ukuthi babone ububanzi bevolumu obufanele ukuze umyalezo uqondakale futhi ube mnandi.
4. Isichazamazwi
Isichazamazwi yindlela efanele yokuphimisa nokuphimisa amagama. Kuhilela ukuphimisa kahle umsindo ngamunye, ukuhlonipha amafonemu nama-syllable akha ulimi. Isichazamazwi esihle sivumela umyalezo ukuthi ufinyelele umlaleli ngokucacile.
Ukuphinyiselwa kwamagama ngendlela enembile, indlela uhlamvu ngalunye oluphinyiselwa ngayo ngokwegama nomsindo walo, kubalulekile ukuthi umyalezo ufinyelele umlaleli ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka. Isibonelo, iSpanishi singenye yezilimi ezicebile kakhulu emhlabeni futhi sinikeza abantu izindlela ezinhle zokuveza yonke imizwa nemicabango, kodwa futhi sinikeza amagama azwakala afana yize izincazelo zawo zihlukile ngokuphelele.
Yingakho ukubiza amagama okunembile nokuhamba kancane kuzonquma ukusebenza kahle kokuxhumana . Bobabili umthumeli kanye nomamukeli kumele bahileleke ngqo emqondweni oyinhloko wombhalo noma indaba, futhi ukubiza amagama okungekuhle kungaphazamisa lokho kuqondana. Ukuzijwayeza ukusonta ulimi, ukufunda ngokuzwakalayo, kanye nokuzivocavoca kokusebenzisa amagama kusiza kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni lesi sici.
5. Ukuphindaphinda
Ukuphindaphinda njengethuluzi lokubhala phansi kusetshenziswa lapho umlayezo ungakafiki ngokugcwele ezilalelini noma lapho isikhulumi sifuna ukugcizelela impikiswano yaso. Ukuphinda igama eliyisihluthulelo, ibinzana, noma umqondo obalulekile ngendlela efanele kuyasiza ukuthi uhlale enkumbulweni yomlaleli .
Ezinkulumweni ezikhuthazayo, ezinkulumweni, noma emihlanganweni, kuvamile ukuthi isikhulumi siphinde imiqondo ethile ebalulekile, sishintshe kancane amagama kodwa sigcine umyalezo oyinhloko. Lokhu kuphindaphinda, okuhambisana nokuphumula okunesu kanye nokushintsha kwephimbo, kuqinisa umthelela womqondo.
6. Ukucaciswa
Ukucacisa ngomlomo kuhilela ukuma kancane ukuze uchaze umqondo futhi, wengeze ama-nuances, noma uguqule umqondo okungenzeka ukuthi awuzange uqondwe ngokugcwele encazelweni yokuqala. Lezi yizinkomba eziqondile zalokho okushiwoyo futhi ziyindlela engcono kakhulu yokubuyisa ingqikithi yempikiswano ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa yisilaleli.
Empeleni, ukucacisa kuncike ekushintsheni kwesigqi, ukuphumula okufushane, kanye nephimbo elihlukile kancane elibonisa izilaleli ukuthi umbono uyanwetshwa noma uyacaciswa. Lokhu kuvumela isikhulumi ukuthi sibuyele empikiswaneni eyinhloko ngaphandle kokuba umlaleli alahlekelwe umbono wenhloso yesikhulumi.
7. Isingathekiso
Nakuba isingathekiso empeleni siyindlela yokubhala neyokuxoxa, singabhekwa futhi njengethuluzi lokubhala uma sisetshenziswa ekuxhumaneni okukhulunywe futhi siqiniswa ngephimbo, ukuphumula, kanye nokugcizelela. Izingathekiso ziwusizo ekwenzeni ukuqhathanisa kwefilosofi noma okungokomfanekiso okuhlobene nesihloko esiyinhloko.
Konke kuncike ezilalelini eziqondiwe. Isibonelo, izilaleli ezindala ezisencane zingase zithande lolu hlobo lwezifenqo, njengoba zivumela ukudluliselwa kwemiyalezo eyinkimbinkimbi ngendlela ethokozisayo nesikiselayo. Kodwa-ke, uma izilaleli zisencane kakhulu noma zingajwayelene nalesi sitayela, ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwezifenqo kungaba yisiphazamiso esivimbela ukuqonda.
Ukuze sibonise lesi sifaniso, umuntu angafunda izibonelo ezinjengalezi ezilandelayo: “Uthando lufana nomculo; uma ugona othandekayo wakho, ungazizwa izingoma zokuthinta; izwi labo kanye nokufudumala kuyizingoma eziphephela esifubeni sami.” Ngokwalo, ukugona akukwazi ukuphefumulela noma yimuphi umculo wangempela, futhi izwi kanye nokufudumala komuntu ogonayo akukhiqizi izingoma zomzimba; kuyindlela yobuhle yokuveza imizwa, ethuthukiswa kakhulu uma iphindaphindwa ngephimbo elizwakalayo.
I-8 Ukuqhathanisa
Ukuqhathanisa noma ukufanisa kuvumela umthumeli ukuthi adlulisele umlayezo ngokucacile nangokuqondile ngokudala izithombe engqondweni yomlaleli asebezazi kakade. Ngokuthi into "ifana" nenye into, amabhuloho akhiwa phakathi kokuhlangenwe nakho okujwayelekile nemibono emisha.
Olimini olukhulunywayo, ukuqhathanisa kucebiswa yindlela okuphinyiselwa ngayo: ikhefu elifushane ngaphambi kwegama elithi "like," ukugcizelela okuncane igama eliqhathanisiwe, kanye nephimbo elihlayo ekugcineni kusiza umlaleli ukubona isakhiwo sokuqhathanisa nokuqonda kangcono umqondo.
9. Amahaba
I-hyperbole iwukweqisa okusetshenziswa ekuxhumaneni ngamazwi ukuze kudalwe umthelela omkhulu ngomyalezo odluliswayo. Ngokweqisa ikhwalithi, ubuningi, noma isimo, isikhulumi sifuna ukuheha ukunaka nokugcizelela ukubaluleka kwalokho esikushoyo.
Enkulumweni ekhulunywayo, i-hyperbole ikhuliswa yi-pitone egcizelelayo, i-volume ekhuphukile emagama athile, noma ukuphumula okunamandla ngaphambi noma ngemva kwe-exception. Ngale ndlela, isikhulumi siqinisekisa ukuthi impikiswano yaso igxila engqondweni yomlaleli, idale umphumela ofana nezifaniso kodwa ngomfutho ongokomzwelo ojulile nakakhulu.
Ukubaluleka okuhlangene kwezinsizakusebenza ezixoxayo neziqhubekayo
Nakuba izinsiza ezikhuluma ngokukhululekile kanye nezichaza ngokukhululekile zichazwa ngokwehlukana, empeleni zisebenza ndawonye ukuze kube nokuxhumana okuphumelelayo. Umbhalo ohlelwe kahle, onezincazelo ezicacile, izibonelo ezifanele, kanye nesakhiwo esiqinile sempikiswano, ungalahlekelwa umthelela wawo omkhulu uma ufundwa ngokuzwakalayo ngencazelo engafanele.
Ngokufanayo, izwi elimnandi, elinomoya omuhle, nelivezayo alikwazi ukuvala okuqukethwe okungahlelekile kahle, okuphikisanayo, noma okungenangqondo. Ngakho-ke, ukwazi kahle zombili izinhlobo zezinsiza kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofisa ukuthuthukisa amakhono akhe okuxhumana ezimweni zemfundo, zobungcweti, noma zomuntu siqu.
Ukusebenza ekubhaleni nasekuqondeni ukufunda kuqinisa izinsiza ezikhuluma ngokukhululekile, kuyilapho ukuzijwayeza ukukhuluma ngomlomo kuqinisa izinsiza ezikhuluma ngokukhululekile. Ukuhlanganisa womabili amazinga kusiza ekwakheni imiyalezo engagcini nje ngokuqondwa kodwa futhi ekhunjulwayo futhi enomthelela kulabo abayitholayo.
Ukuqonda nokusebenzisa izinhlobo ezahlukene zezinsizakusebenza ezikhulumayo nezikhuthazayo kuvula umnyango wokuxhumana okuqaphelayo, okuphumelelayo nokucebile, kokubili ekufundeni nasekubhaleni kanye nasekukhulumeni nasekulaleleni, okuholela ebudlelwaneni obucacile, izinkulumo ezikholisayo kanye nokufunda okujulile.