Izixazululo kumakhemikhali zivame ukuba yi-binary, okusho ukuthi zakhiwe yizingxenye ezimbili, i -solute kanye ne -solvent , enye iyi-substance ezoncibilikiswa kanti enye iyi-solvent factor.
Ngokusekelwe kulokhu, lezi zingahlukaniswa zibe izinhlobo ezimbili, okuyizixazululo ezijwayelekile kanye nezixazululo ezingokoqobo , lesi sakamuva yilezo lapho inani le-solute kanye ne-solvent ezingase ziqukethe lingacatshangelwa khona ngokwenani nangokuqondile.
Ngokuvamile ezixazululweni ezisekelwe ebufakazini, izixazululi kanye nezixazululi ziyahambisana, ngoba lezi zingashintsha kalula ngobuningi; uma sinesixazululo esinobuningi obufanayo bezinto zombili, noma yiliphi lamagama amabili linganikezwa ngalinye, nakuba ngokwesiko into eningi kakhulu ibhekwa njenge-solvent.
Liyini ikhambi?
Ukuze uqonde ngokugcwele igama elithi " izixazululo ezisekelwe emibonweni," kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi iyini ikhambi. Kumakhemikhali, ikhambi lichazwa njengengxube efanayo , evame ukwakhiwa yizinhlayiya ezincane kune-athomu eziyi-10 noma ama-molecule amancane kakhulu. Lezi zixazululo zivame ukwakhiwa ngezinto ezimbili eziyinhloko: izinyibilikisi kanye nezinyibilikisi.
Ingxube efanayo yileyo lapho izingxenye zayo zisakazwa ngokulinganayo ezingeni elincane kakhulu, ngakho-ke izigaba azikwazi ukuhlukaniswa ngeso lenyama. Izibonelo ezivamile amanzi anosawoti, isiphuzo esinosawoti, noma umoya esiwuphefumulayo (ingxube yamagesi amaningana).
Solutes
Ama-solute yizinto ezincibilika engxubeni ngoba zikhona ngenani elincane uma kuqhathaniswa ne-solvent. I-solute ingaba yinto eqinile, uketshezi , noma igesi, inqobo nje uma ingahlakazeka ngokulinganayo ku-solvent. Isibonelo esivamile ushukela uncibilika emanzini.
Izixazululo
Izinyibilikisi yizinto ezincibilikisa izinyibilikisi; zikhona ngezilinganiso ezinkulu kune-solute uqobo. I-solvent inikeza indawo lapho izinhlayiya ezincibilikisiwe zihlakazeka khona. Amanzi ayi-solvent evame kakhulu empilweni yansuku zonke futhi aziwa ngokuthi yi- solvent yendawo yonke ngenxa yamandla awo okuncibilikisa izinto ezahlukahlukene.
Izixazululo zihlukaniswe ngezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko: lezo lapho kungatholakala khona inani eliqondile le-solute kanye ne-solvent engxubeni, ezibizwa ngokuthi izixazululo ezijwayelekile ; futhi kukhona nezixazululo ezingokoqobo , lezo ezingavumeli ukunqunywa okunembile kwenani lalezi zingxenye ngoba izindlela zokulinganisa ezisemthethweni azilandelwa.
Liyini ikhambi elinamandla?
Izixazululo eziqanjiwe ziyingxube lapho inani eliqondile le-solute kanye ne-solvent lingenakunqunywa khona ngokubala okulinganiselwe noma amathuluzi elebhu. Kulezi zixazululo, ubudlelwano phakathi kwalokhu okubili busungulwa ngokwekhwalithi futhi busekelwe kokuhlangenwe nakho noma ekwahluleleni komuntu siqu, ngaphandle kokusebenzisa amayunithi okuhlushwa njenge-molarity, ukuvamile, noma iphesenti.
Esixazululweni esisekelwe ebufakazini, izimo ezahlukene zokuhlanganiswa zingahileleka: izinto eziqinile zingahlukaniswa noma zihlanganiswe koketshezi , uketshezi koketshezi , amagesi koketshezi kanye namagesi koketshezi , lapho into enomthamo omkhulu ngokuvamile isebenza njengesinyibilikisi futhi incibilikise leyo etholakala ngesilinganiso esincane.
Igama elithi “empirical” libhekisela eqinisweni lokuthi lezi zixazululo ziwumkhiqizo womkhuba kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho komuntu ozilungiselelayo. Zaziwa nangokuthi izixazululo ezisezingeni eliphezulu ngoba incazelo yenziwe ngamagama anjengokuthi “inani elincane,” “iningi,” “ukucindezela,” noma “isipuni,” ngaphandle kokuveza ubuningi obuqondile, ama-moles, noma amavolumu.
Izikhathi zokuncibilika ziyahlukahluka kuye ngezici ezifana nokushisa , ingcindezi , kanye nohlobo lwe-solute . Endabeni yezixazululo zegesi, lezi zici zinquma kakhulu ikhono legesi lokuncibilika ku-solvent, okungenzeka kwandise i-viscosity noma ukujiya lapho inani le-solute yegesi libalulekile.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi izixazululo ezisekelwe emibonweni zivame kakhulu ezimweni zansuku zonke, njengasemakhaya , ezindaweni zokudlela, ezindaweni zokuphuza utshwala, nasemakhishini . Noma ubani angazilungisa ngaphandle kokuqeqeshwa okukhethekile kwe-chemistry noma ukusebenzisa amadivayisi okulinganisa. Isibonelo, ukulungiselela ijusi, i-cocktail, noma i-latte kuvame ukuba yizinqubo ezisekelwe emibonweni: okungaphezulu noma okuncane kwengezwa ngokuya ngokuthanda komuntu siqu.
Kunezinhlobo ezinhlanu zezixazululo ze-empiric, ezihlukaniswe ngokwezakhiwo ze-solvent kanye ne-solute: i-dilute , i-concentrated , i-saturated , i-unsaturated , kanye ne-supersaturated . Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kusekelwe ekuncibilikeni kanye nenani le-solute elifakwe ku-solvent, yize izibalo eziqondile zingasetshenziswa ezimweni ze-empiric.
Uma ingxube iqukethe zombili izinto njengezingxenye zoketshezi, zilahlekelwa ubunjalo bazo njengezinto zokuqala, futhi okuwukuphela kwendlela yokuzihlukanisa iwukuba nobuningi obukhona engxubeni. Lokhu kuvame kakhulu ekulungiseleleni ama-cocktail, ama-oil blends, noma amasoso oketshezi.
Izici zezixazululo ezingokombono
Phakathi kwezici ezifanele kakhulu zezixazululo ezisekelwe emibonweni, okulandelayo kungashiwo:
- Ngokuvamile zilungiswa nge izilungiselelo ezingakahleleki njengezindlu, amabha, ama-cafe, amakamelo okudlela noma amakhishi ezimboni, kunokuba kusezilabhorethri zocwaningo.
- Zingenziwa yi- noma yimuphi umuntu, ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuqeqeshwa okuqondile kwe-chemistry noma ulwazi ekusetshenzisweni kwezinto zomthamo noma izilinganiso.
- Zenzelwe ukwanelisa izidingo ezingokoqobo ezifana ukudla, ukunambitheka, ukuthungwa noma ukubukeka ukudla neziphuzo, kunokuba kube ngezinjongo zokuhlaziya noma zezimboni eziqondile.
- Okuphambili ukunambitheka komuntu siqu, ukwahlulela komuntu siqu kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho: i-solute ecishe ibe yingxenye ingezwa kuye ngokuthi ukunambitheka, umbala, iphunga noma ukuqina okufunwayo kuyini.
- Azikho izindlela zokulinganisa ezilandelwayo futhi azenziwanga izibalo ze-stoichiometricFuthi imishini yezinsimbi ezifana namamitha e-pH noma ama-burette awasetshenziswa ekulungiseleleni kwawo.
- Azivami ukusetshenziswa izinto zomthamo kulinganiswe; esikhundleni salokho, kusetshenziswa izipuni, izibuko, amajagi, izinkomishi, "ama-pinch" ngeminwe noma yisiphi isitsha sansuku zonke.
- Emalabhorethri avamile nawocwaningo, ukusetshenziswa kwayo kuyasebenza okungajwayelekilengoba lapho, izixazululo ezijwayelekile ezinamazinga aziwayo ziyadingeka ukuze kutholakale imiphumela ephindaphindwayo.
- Izixazululo ezivame kakhulu zokuhlola ngokuvamile izinyibilikisi eziqinile ezincibilikisiwe koketshezi (njengoshukela emanzini) noma izingxube uketshezi-uketshezi (isibonelo, utshwala obuhlukahlukene ku-cocktail).
Izinhlobo zezixazululo ezinamandla
Lezi zinhlobo zihlukaniswe ngokuya ngokumelana kwezinto ezincibilikayo, futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke, inani le-solute elikhona engxubeni, njalo ngokombono wekhwalithi. Izigaba eziyinhloko zifaka okulandelayo.
Nciphisa izixazululo
Lezi yizixazululo lapho inani le-solvent likhulu kakhulu kunenani le-solute, okuholela engxenyeni encane kakhulu ye-solute. Zaziwa nangokuthi izixazululo ezibuthakathaka ngenxa yenani elincane lezinto ezincibilikisiwe. Isibonelo salokhu kungaba ukwengeza isipuni sikashukela ekhofini elishisayo, elizoncibilika ngokushesha okukhulu ngenxa yenani le-solvent.
Ngendlela yokucwaninga, isixazululo esincibilikisiwe sibonakala ngezici ezifana nokunambitheka okuthambile , umbala okhanyayo , noma ukuminyana okubonakalayo okuphansi . Isibonelo, ijusi elilungiselelwe ngokugxila okuncane kakhulu kwezithelo namanzi amaningi libhekwa njengokukhanya hhayi okumnandi kakhulu.
Izixazululo ezigxile
Lezi yizixazululo ezinenani elikhulu le-solute uma kuqhathaniswa nenani le-solvent engxubeni. Lokhu kungahunyushwa futhi njengenani eliphezulu lento encibilika enanini le-solvent elibhekwa njengelifanele ngumuntu oyilungisayo. Isibonelo salokhu kungaba lapho kufakwa amagremu ayi-10 kasawoti ku-½ litre yamanzi, noma lapho kufakwa inani elikhulu likashukela ku-lemonade kuze kube yilapho liba mnandi kakhulu.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi akukho mngcele oqondile phakathi kwezixazululo ezixubile nezixubile ngokwemigomo yokuhlolwa; umehluko wenziwa ngokwemigomo yokufaneleka, njengokunambitheka, umbala, ukujiya, noma ubuningi obubonwayo. Umuntu oyedwa angase acabangele isiphuzo esixubile omunye asibona njengesimnandi ngendlela eyamukelekayo.
Izixazululo ezingagcwalisiwe
Lezi zixazululo zibonakala ngokuba nokuhlushwa kwe-solute okuphansi kunenani eliphezulu le-solvent elingancibilika ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile zokushisa kanye nengcindezi. Ngamanye amazwi, kusengenzeka ukuncibilikisa i-solute eningi ngaphandle kokwakheka kwe-precipitate. Ngokwemvelo, lezi yizixazululo lapho, uma kungezwa i-solute eningi, iyaqhubeka nokuncibilika ngaphandle kokukhishwa. Isibonelo kungaba amagremu angu-30 kasawoti kumalitha amabili amanzi.
Izixazululo ezigcwele
Izixazululo ezigcwele ziphambene ngokuphelele nezixazululo ezingagcwali, njengoba ziqukethe inani eliphezulu le-solute elingabanjwa yisixazululo ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile zokucindezela kanye nokushisa. Lapho isixazululo sigcwala, akusekho i-solute encibilikayo , okudala ukulingana okuguquguqukayo phakathi kwe-solute encibilikisiwe nengancibilikisiwe. Ekubukeni okusebenzayo, okubonakalayo, kuphawulwe ukuthi kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isixazululo sixutshwe kangakanani, esinye se-solute sihlala phansi kwesitsha.
Izixazululo ze-Supersaturated
Lezi zixazululo ziqukethe i-solute eningi kakhulu kunezixazululo ezigcwele ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanayo. Ngokuvamile zitholakala ngokwandisa izinga lokushisa le-solvent ukuze likwazi ukuncibilikisa i-solute eningi kunokujwayelekile bese lipholisa ingxube ngaphandle kokuyiphazamisa. Okuwukuphela kwendlela yokugcina i-solute eningi incibilikile ukugcina izimo ezifinyelelwe; lapho kuphola noma ezinye izinguquko, ingxenye enkulu ye-solute ingabuyela esimweni sayo sokuqala futhi icwebezele.
Izixazululo ezigcwele kakhulu azizinzile futhi, lapho kushaqeka okuncane noma ukunyakaza okungazelelwe, noma lapho kwethulwa ikristalu encibilikayo, zisheshe zibe izixazululo ezigcwele, bese incibilikayo eningi iphuma. Lesi simo sibonakala kakhulu ekuhlolweni kwelabhorethri nasekukhiqizweni kwamaswidi namaswidi acwebezelwe.
Isixazululo sendawo
Izixazululo zinezakhiwo eziningi, kodwa esinye esibaluleke kakhulu ukuncibilika , okuyinani le-solute elingancibilika ku-solvent, ekushiseni okunikeziwe, kuze kube yilapho kufinyelelwa ukulingana. Inhlanganisela ngayinye inezinga layo lokuncibilika, okuncike ezintweni ezifana nohlobo lwayo lwamakhemikhali kanye nolwe-solvent.
Uma kukhulunywa ngezixazululo, kunezinye izici ezihlobene ne-solute kanye ne-solvent. Ngokuphathelene ne-solute, lokhu kufaka phakathi i-electric conductivity (uma kukhulunywa ngama-electrolyte), umfutho womusi, kanye nomthelela endaweni yokubanda noma yokubila yesisombululo. Ngokuphathelene ne-solvent, kufundwa izici ezifana ne -bolling point , melting point , kanye ne-dielectric constant.
Ngamagama amancane kakhulu, ukuze kwakheke isixazululo esifanayo, kumele kube nokukhangana okuthile phakathi kwama -molecule e-solute kanye ne-solvent okunqoba amandla akhangayo phakathi kwama-molecule e-solute kuphela. Lokhu kubangela ukuthi izinhlayiya ze-solute zihlakazeke bese, zibophana nezinhlayiya ze-solvent, kwakhiwe uhlelo olufanayo.
Isibonelo esivamile yileso samanzi noshukela. Uma ubeka isipuni sikashukela engilazini yamanzi, sizoncibilika ngoba ama-molecule amanzi anamandla ngokwanele ukuthi asebenzisane nama-molecule kashukela , aphule isakhiwo sekristalu sikashukela futhi azungeze inhlayiya ngayinye encibilikile. Umphumela uba uketshezi olufanayo lapho ama-crystal kashukela engasabonakali khona emehlweni enyama.
Indlela izixazululo eziningi ezisetshenziswayo (ukuxuba, ukufudumeza, ukugaya i-solute) nayo ithonya izinga lokuncibilika . Ukugaya i-solute eqinile ibe yizinhlayiya ezincane noma ukuphakamisa izinga lokushisa le-solvent kuvame ukusheshisa inqubo, ngisho noma izilinganiso zobuningi zingathathwanga.
Izixazululo ezisekelwe emibonweni zilungiselelwa kanjani?
Ekulungiseleleni izixazululo ezisekelwe emibonweni, okuthandwa nguwe kanye nezidingo ezisebenzayo kuyabusa . Inani le-solute kanye nenani le-solvent kuncike ekwahlulelweni komuntu olungiselela ingxube, ngaphandle kokusebenzisa izilinganiso eziqondile noma izilinganiso eziqondile ze-volumetric.
Kulezi zinhlobo zezixazululo, amayunithi asemthethweni okulinganisa awekho . Esikhundleni samagremu noma ama-milliliters, kusetshenziswa izinkulumo ezinjengokuthi "isipuni sikasawoti," "ubisi oluncane," "ushukela omncane," noma "iminwe emibili yotshwala", okusobala ukuthi kuyiqiniso ngoba azivezi ukuhlushwa ngokwesisindo noma inani eliqondile lama-moles akhona.
Izinto ezisetshenziswa ukulungisa izixazululo ezingokoqobo azihlelekile ngokulinganayo: izipuni, izinkomishi, izibuko, amajagi, izandla, noma ama-wisps athathwa ngeminwe. Lezi zitsha azinawo inkomba yomthamo elinganisiwe, ngakho abantu ababili bangalungisa izingxube ezahlukene ngisho besebenzisa "isilinganiso" esifanayo esibonakalayo.
Naphezu kwalokhu kuntuleka kokunemba, abantu abaningi bathola ukuphindaphinda okuphawulekayo ngokuzijwayeza: bangalungisa, isibonelo, uhlobo olufanayo lwekhofi noma i-cocktail efanayo enokunambitheka okufanayo kakhulu ezikhathini eziningi, ngokusekelwe kuphela kokuhlangenwe nakho kwemizwa.
Izibonelo zansuku zonke zezixazululo ezingokoqobo
Izixazululo ezingokoqobo zikhona njalo ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Ezinye izibonelo ezengeziwe, ngale kwalezo ezivezwe kamuva, yilezi:
- Ukulungiselela i-cocktailNakuba kuboniswa inani lotshwala nezinye izithako, empeleni zivame ukuhlukahluka kuye ngokuthanda komuntu olungisa isiphuzo noma odlayo.
- Ukwenza amakhekhe nama-pastries: hlanganisa amaqanda, ufulawa, ubisi, ushukela namafutha ngobuningi obuvame ukulungiswa ngokushesha ukuze kufezwe ukuthungwa okufiselekayo.
- Amasosi nezitshuluInani likasawoti, izinongo, umhluzi noma amanzi lilungiswa ngokwendlela efunwa ngayo, ngaphandle kokukala noma ukulinganisa okuqondile.
- Amajusi nama-smoothiesIngxenye ye-pulp yezithelo, amanzi, ubisi noma iqhwa iyashintshwa ukuze izenze zibe zijiyile, zibe lula, zibe mnandi noma zibe ne-asidi eningi.
- Ama-infusions netiye: engeza “isipuni” noma “isandla esincane” samakhambi emanzini ashisayo, kodwa lelo nani liyahlukahluka kuye ngomuntu nomuntu.
Izibonelo ezi-8 ezisiza ekunqumeni izixazululo ezingokoqobo
- Uma ulungiselela ikhofi nobisiIkhofi, njengoba iqinile (kungaba ubhontshisi ophelele noma oqoshiwe, bese ikhishwa), ibhekwa njenge-solute, kanti ubisi njenge-solvent, luwuketshezi. Kuye ngokuthi ubisi noma ikhofi elingakanani elingeziwe, ingxube izoba lula noma ibe mnyama, ngaphandle kwesilinganiso esiqondile esilinganiswayo.
- Ushokoledi namanziUshokoledi (oyimpuphu noma oncibilikisiwe) uyi-solute kanti amanzi ayi-solvent. Ukuqina kokunambitheka kuzoncika ekutheni ushokoledi uncibilikisiwe kangakanani, isibonelo esicacile sesisombululo esisekelwe emibonweni.
- Uma ixazululwa amanzi nomoyaKutholakala inkungu noma inkungu: amaconsi amancane amanzi ahlakazekile emoyeni akha uhlelo lapho igesi isebenza njengendawo yokuhlakazeka.
- Upende futhi uncipheUkuze kube lula ukusebenzisa upende wamafutha, kumele uncishiswe ngopende omncane, okuwuketshezi olusetshenziswa kule njongo. Inani lopende omncane ongeziwe lincike ekuqineni okufunwayo; akukho silinganiso esiqondile.
- amanzi anensiphoKulesi sixazululo, amanzi ayi-solvent kanti insipho iyi-solute. Lokhu kungasebenza futhi njengesibonelo sesisombululo esingagcwele noma esigxilile, kuye ngokuthi kufakwe insipho engakanani.
- Ikhofi ngamanziLapho kulungiswa ikhofi elihlungiwe noma elisheshayo ngamanzi, kukhiqizwa esinye isixazululo esibonakalayo, lapho amanzi esebenza njengesinyibilikisi futhi inani lekhofi lilungiswa ukuze livumelane nokunambitheka.
- Amanzi kashukelaUshukela uyinto ezoncibilikiswa kanti amanzi ayi-solvent. Ubumnandi bengxube buxhomeke enanini elifakwe ngokwesayensi.
- Amanzi anejusi yokwenziwaLezi ziphuzo ziyimikhiqizo ephelelwe amanzi emzimbeni esebenza njengohlobo lukashukela olunongiwe. Zisebenza ngendlela efanayo nesibonelo sangaphambilini, zilungisa inani lempuphu "ngeso" ukuze kufezwe ukunambitheka okufiselekayo.
Lonke lolu chungechunge lwezibonelo lubonisa ukuthi, empilweni yansuku zonke, izixazululo ezisekelwe emibonweni zihlala zilungiswa lapho izibalo noma amazinga aqondile angaphathwa khona, kodwa izakhiwo zokuncibilika, ukunambitheka, umbala kanye nokuvumelana zisetshenziswa ngendlela engokwemvelo.