Ama-Aztec ayeyimpucuko eyayichuma ezikhathini zangaphambi kweSpanishi, yakha umbuso omkhulu enkabeni yeMesoamerica futhi yakha isiko elijulile lenkoloUmbono wabo womhlaba wawuhlelwe ngokuzungeza iqembu labantu abacishe babe onkulunkulu abayikhulu abayinhlokoNgaphezu konkulunkulu abancane abaningi nemimoya, zonke izici zemvelo, impilo yansuku zonke, kanye nokuhleleka kwendawo yonke kwakunonkulunkulu noma unkulunkulukazi ofanayo, okwenza izinganekwane zama-Aztec zibe enye yeziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi ezithakazelisayo kuwo wonke amazwe aseMelika.
Nakuba iningi lonkulunkulu babo lalakhiwe ngezinkolelo zabo, iMexica (elinye igama lama-Aztec) yabahlanganisa nenkolo yabo. onkulunkulu bezinye izizinda zaseNahua naseMesoamericaNgale ndlela, bamukela futhi bahlanganisa onkulunkulu abavela kubantu abanjengamaToltec, amaTeotihuacan, amaMaya, ama-Otomi, namaZapotec. Ngenxa yale nqubo, abantu abanjengo- inyoka enezimpiko i-QuetzalcoatlOnkulunkulu bomoya, ukuphila, ukuhlakanipha, nokudala babenendima ebalulekile enkolweni yama-Aztec.
Izinto eziningi zingabonakala ezinganekwaneni zabo amahlelo akhethekile ezinikezelwe konkulunkulu abathile, ngoba ama-Aztec ahlobanisa izinto zemvelo nonkulunkulu bawo. Amanzi, imvula, ukuduma kwezulu, ilanga, inyanga, ukuvunda komhlaba, kanye nempi konke kwakubhekwa njengamandla aphezulu okwakufanele ahlale enomusa. Ukuze kulondolozwe lokhu kulinganisela, kwakudingeka ukuba kunikezwe wona izikhumbuzo nemihlatsheloEminye iminikelo yayingokomfanekiso noma yayihlanganisa imihlatshelo yegazi yabapristi nezikhulu uqobo, kodwa amasiko amaningi ayehilela ukubulala abantu abakhethiwe, ikakhulukazi iziboshwa zempi, ngokuklebhula izinhliziyo zabo ezisashaya futhi bafake imizimba yabo emathempelini noma emigodini yemikhosi. Ngaphezu kwale mikhuba, kwakukhona izinhlobo zokuzidela ezingabulali kangako: ukusikwa nokubhobozwa okwenziwa abapristi, izikhulu, kanye nabazinikele njengeminikelo yomuntu siqu konkulunkulu. Ngokusho kweminye imibhalo, ubukhulu bemihlatshelo bahlukahluka kakhulu, kusukela ezisulwini ezimbalwa kuya ekubulaweni kwabantu abaningi ngezikhathi ezingavamile.
Izinto ezifana ne- amanzi, umoya, umlilo, nomhlabaIsimo sezulu, kanye nezimo zasemoyeni ezifana nemvula, iziphepho, isomiso, isithwathwa, noma ukuzamazama komhlaba, kwakubhekwa njengokubonakaliswa konkulunkulu abahlukene bama-Aztec. Lapho laba onkulunkulu benomusa, babeqinisekisa isivuno esihle, ukudla okuningi, kanye nokuzinza kombuso; lapho bethukuthele, babengabangela izinhlekelele. izinhlekelele zemvelo ezinkulu noma izimpi ezibhubhisayo. Amasiko, imidanso, iminikelo, kanye nemihlatshelo kwakuhloswe ngayo ukubuyisela ukuzwana nala mandla.
Ama-Aztec ayengomunye wemiphakathi ebaluleke kakhulu nechumayo yesikhathi sangaphambi kwamaHispanic. Inkolo yawo kanye nenkolo yawo kwakuthonywe amasiko angaphambilini, njengalawo asendulo. AmaMaya, amaToltec, amaTeotihuacan kanye nabanye abantu baseNahuaLokhu kwadala inethiwekhi yonkulunkulu abahlanganyelwe nabahunyushwe kabusha phakathi kwazo zonke lezi zinganekwane. Ngakho-ke, onkulunkulu babo abaningi bangatholakala benamagama nezici ezahlukene emasikweni ahlukene aseMesoamerica.
Bangobani onkulunkulu bama-Aztec?
Onkulunkulu bama-Aztec babene ukuhlelwa okuyinkimbinkimbi futhi zazihlelwe ngokwezindawo ezazizibusa: impi, ukuzala, ukufa, amanzi, ukuhweba, ubuciko, impilo, phakathi kwezinye eziningi. Ngaphakathi kwalesi sakhiwo, kwavela abanye onkulunkulu abaphakeme, abahlobene ukudalwa komhlaba kanye nezikhathi ze-cosmic, eyaziwa ngokuthi onkulunkulu bamaLanga Amahlanu. Lezi zinkathi zimelela imijikelezo lapho umhlaba udalwa futhi ubhujiswa ngokulandelana.
Ngaphezu kwamaLanga amahlanu, kwakukhona onkulunkulu bokuqala bomdali abanjengo I-Ometeotl (kokubili owesilisa nowesifazane, ngesimo sika-Ometecuhtli no-Omecihuatl), kanye nabanye onkulunkulu abahlanganyelwe kabanzi eMesoamerica njenge I-Quetzalcoatl, i-Tlaloc noma i-Xipe TotecInkolo yaseMexico yayiyi abantu abakholelwa konkulunkulu abaningi futhi abathanda impiNgakho-ke, imihlatshelo yabantu yayivame ukwenziwa futhi yayibhekwa njengedingekile ukuze kulondolozwe ibhalansi yendawo yonke futhi kondliwe amandla onkulunkulu, ikakhulukazi lawo eLanga.
Amalanga Amahlanu kanye nokudalwa komhlaba
I-cosmogony yama-Aztec ichaza imvelaphi yomhlaba ngezikhathi ezinhlanu ezinkulu ezibizwa ngokuthi izimpandeIlanga ngalinye liyinkathi yendawo yonke ebuswa unkulunkulu oyinhloko futhi libhujiswe yinhlekelele. Ukulandisa kuyahlukahluka kuye ngomthombo, kodwa babelana ngomqondo wokuthi umhlaba wamanje ungowakwa- ILanga Lesihlanu, igcinwe ngenxa yomhlatshelo wonkulunkulu nabantu.
I-Tlalchitonatiuh noma ilanga lokuqala
Elangeni lokuqala, elaziwa ngokuthi iTlalchitonatiuh noma Ilanga leJaguar, unkulunkulu oyinhloko wayenguye I-TezcatlipocaUTezcatlipoca, omunye wonkulunkulu abakhulu bomdali nonkulunkulu bobumnyama. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, imidondoshiya, izidalwa ezivela esintwini sangaphambilini, zahlala emhlabeni. UTezcatlipoca wakhanyisa umhlaba isikhathi eside, futhi lapho umjikelezo wakhe uphela, ama-jaguar—adalwa ngokuguqulwa kwakhe noma ngokushaywa yinduku kaQuetzalcoatl emanzini lapho ayekhona—adedelwa ngokumelene nemidondoshiya kwaze kwaba yilapho babhubhise ngokupheleleUkuphela kwaleli langa kubonisa isimo sobudlova nesijikelezayo sesikhathi ezinganekwaneni zama-Aztec.
Ehecatonatiuh noma ilanga lesibili
Enkathini yesibili kwakuyi I-Quetzalcoatl, inyoka enezimpaphe, eyathatha indima yelanga, yaveza Umoya IlangaKulesi sikhathi kwakuphila abantu bezinkawu. Lesi sikhathi saqhubeka amakhulu eminyaka eyinganekwane kwaze kwaba yilapho uTezcatlipoca egumbuqela iQuetzalcoatl ngokuthumela umoya onamandla esiphepho Inamandla kangangokuthi yakhukhula izwe lonke yakhukhula abantu, yabaguqula baba izinkawu. Umoya obhubhisayo lapha ufanekisela ukungazinzi kohlelo lwendalo yonke lapho onkulunkulu bexabana.
I-Tletonatiuh noma ilanga lesithathu
Elangeni lesithathu, unkulunkulu wabusa. I-Tlaloc, “lowo ohlumisa izinto”, oqashelwa njengo unkulunkulu wemvula, umbani namanziLesi sikhathi sihlobene ne- Ilanga Lomlilo ImvulaNakuba uTlaloc wayengunkulunkulu ohlotshaniswa nokuzala nobuningi, kulesi sikhathi ulaka lukaNkulunkulu lwakhipha imvula yomlilo ebhubhisayo: izintaba namahlathi asha, futhi abantu baguqulwa baba izinyoni ukuze bazame ukubaleka. Kwezinye izinguqulo, kwakunguQuetzalcoatl owabangela ukuba uTlaloc awe esibhakabhakeni, ngaleyo ndlela kwabangela inhlekelele.
Ilanga lesine i-Atonatiuh
Ilanga lesine, elibizwa nangokuthi Ilanga Lamanzi, yayibuswa yi ChalchiuhtlicueUChalchiuhtlicue, unkulunkulukazi wamanzi agelezayo, imifula, nolwandle, kanye nomngane kaTlaloc. Wakhanyisa umhlaba ngesikhathi sabantu abadoba izinhlanzi. Ekupheleni kokubusa kwakhe, kwavela inhlekelele enkulu. Izimvula ezinkulu owabangela ukuba isibhakabhaka siwele emhlabeni, wadala uzamcolo omkhulu kangangokuthi abantu baguqulwa baba izinhlanzi nezinye izidalwa zasemanzini. Lo uzamcolo waphawula ukuphela kwenkathi yesine.
Ilanga Lesihlanu: I-Tonatiuh kanye nesintu sanamuhla
Ilanga lesihlanu lihambisana nenkathi yamanje. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, okulandelayo kwenzeka: ukudalwa kwesintu njengoba saziwa namuhlaOnkulunkulu, ababebuthene eTeotihuacan—“idolobha lapho onkulunkulu bazalelwa khona noma bahlangana khona”—banquma ukuthi sekuyisikhathi sokudala isintu esisha. UQuetzalcoatl wehlela e- Mictlan, izwe langaphansi komhlaba, ukuze athole amathambo ezizukulwane zangaphambilini (njengabantu bezinhlanzi) futhi, ngokuwaxuba negazi lakhe, wanikeza abantu balesi sikhathi ukuphila.
Unkulunkulu obusa iLanga lesiHlanu ungubani tonathi, ehlotshaniswa nelanga nokushisa kwasemini. I-Tonatiuh ihlala enkabeni yedolobha elidumile Itshe Lelanga noma “Ikhalenda Lama-Aztec”lapho libonakala lizungezwe khona yizigcawu zezinkathi ezine zangaphambilini. Ngokwesiko, ukuze lihambe esibhakabhakeni leli langa lalidinga umhlatshelo wokuzithandela wabanye onkulunkulu Futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, kudinga imihlatshelo yabantu njalo ukuze kugcinwe amandla ayo futhi kuqinisekiswe ukuthi umhlaba awubhidliki.
Njengoba onkulunkulu babenjalo abadali nabasekeli besintuAma-Aztec ayebheka njengesibopho ukunikela imihlatshelo konkulunkulu ukuze abahloniphe futhi balondoloze ibhalansi yendawo yonke. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, amasiko amaningi aseMesoamerica angaphambi kwamaSpanishi, ikakhulukazi amaMexico, enza amasiko amaningi kanye neminikelo yegazi.
Ngemva kwazo zonke lezi zenzakalo, abantu kwadingeka babonise ukuzinikela nokulalela Ama-Aztec ayekhulekela onkulunkulu, ababebanika ukudla, indawo yokuhlala, kanye nokuvikeleka. Unkulunkulu ngamunye wayenezici zakhe, izinganekwane, imikhosi, namathempeli. Ngezansi kunabanye onkulunkulu bama-Aztec, abalwe ngokwalokho abakumelelayo, kanye nolwazi mayelana nendima yabo endaweni yonke kanye nokukhulekela kwabo.
Kuqala onkulunkulu kubalulekile ukuze kube khona ukuphila, kanye nalezo ezibaluleke kakhulu ngaphakathi kwesiko lama-Aztec, eziningi zazo ezabelwana ngazo noma zaguqulwa kwamanye amasiko aseMesoamerica.
Onkulunkulu abadali kanye nonkulunkulu abakhulu be-Aztec pantheon
I-Omecihuatl kanye ne-Ometecuhtli (i-Ometéotl)
I-Omecihuatl ne-Ometecuhtli zakha i- onkulunkulu ababili abakhiqiza imiphefumulo, abaziwa njengenkosikazi nenkosi yendalo yaphezulu. Ndawonye bakha into ephindwe kabili ebizwa ngokuthi I-OmeteotlI-Ometéotl, ebhekwa izazi eziningi njengesimiso sokudala esiphakeme senkolo yaseMexico, ngokombono wefilosofi, ingunkulunkulu ongabonakali, wesilisa nowesifazane, ohlala ezindaweni eziphakeme kakhulu zesibhakabhaka futhi wadala bonke abanye onkulunkulu kanye nokuba khona uqobo.
Ngayinye imelela isici sohlobo kanye nokudalwa: ingxenye owesilisa (Ometecuhtli) kanye nengxenye abesifazane (Omecihuatl). Kulaba mbhangqwana kwazalwa okuthiwa “amaTezcatlipocas amane”: iTezcatlipoca (emnyama), iQuetzalcoatl (emhlophe), iHuitzilopochtli (eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka), kanye neXipe Totec (ebomvu), ababezoba yi- onkulunkulu abadali bomhlaba kanye nababusi bezinkomba eziyinhloko zendawo yonke. I-Ometéotl yayaziwa nangamagama anjengokuthi I-Tloque Nahuaque ("umnikazi wezinto eziseduze nezikude") noma Moyocoyatzin ("lowo ozidalayo"), futhi, njengoba engunkulunkulu onesimo esingaphezu kwemvelo, wayentula amathempeli athile phakathi kwabantu baseMexico.
I-Quetzalcoatl
UQuetzalcoatl ungomunye wabantwana abane abayinhloko balo mbhangqwana owaziwa ngokuthi u-Ometeotl futhi ungomunye wonkulunkulu abanethonya elikhulu kulo lonke elaseMesoamerica. Igama lakhe lisho ukuthini “inyoka enezimpaphe”Inhlanganisela engokomfanekiso yezici zasemhlabeni (zenyoka) kanye nezasezulwini (zezimpaphe). Imelela umoya, ukukhanya, ukuzala, ukuhlakanipha, ulwazi, kanye nokudalaWayephinde ahlotshaniswe nabapristi, abaculi, nabathengisi, kanye nokukhanya kwasekuseni.
Ezinganekwaneni zama-Aztec, uQuetzalcoatl wayengomunye wabalingiswa abadumile. onkulunkulu bokuqala bomdali owayeyingxenye yokudalwa kwezulu nomhlaba, futhi owathi, lapho ehla eMichlán futhi exuba amathambo abantu bangaphambilini ngegazi laboWadala isintu sanamuhla. Emadolobheni amaningi aseMesoamerica—njengeTeotihuacan, iCholula, neTula—kwavela amathempeli nezithombe eziqoshwe kulo nkulunkulu, okubonisa ukubaluleka kwakhe okukhulu.
Ezindabeni eziningi, uQuetzalcoatl wayephikisana no I-Tezcatlipocaokuhlobene nobumnyama nempi. Lokhu kuphikiswa kufanekisela ingxabano phakathi ingokomoya elikhanyayo futhi i amandla ezinto ezibonakalayo kanye nempiPhakathi kwabazinikele kuyo, ukuzidela ngegazi kwakujwayelekile: amanani amancane ayekhishwa emithanjeni engaphansi kolimi noma ngemuva kwendlebe bese egcotshwa ngawo emlonyeni wezithixo zabo, njengendlela yokondla unkulunkulu nokugcina ubudlelwano naye.
I-Tezcatlipoca
Tezcatlipoca, ogama lakhe lingahunyushwa ngokuthi "Isibuko sokubhema"Wayengunkulunkulu ovela emasikweni amaToltec kodwa ahlanganyelwa yizizwe ezahlukene zaseMesoamerica. Phakathi kwama-Aztec, wayenesikhundla esiyinhloko njengonkulunkulu. UNkulunkulu wokunakekela, wobumnyama, ongabonakali, nowendaloWayengomunye wonkulunkulu abane abadali futhi wayehlotshaniswa nenyakatho, ubusuku, impi, nezinto ezibonakalayo.
Yayimelwe yinye noma ngaphezulu imivimbo emnyama ebusweni futhi nge isibuko se-obsidian Esifubeni sakhe noma esikhundleni sonyawo lwakhe lwesobunxele, lapho ayengabona khona izenzo nemicabango yabantu futhi akhiphe intuthu. Wayeyinkosi yezwe lemvelo, isiphetho, namandla ezepolitiki. Imikhosi yakhe yayingowesibili ngokubaluleka kunaleyo eyayinikezelwe kuHuitzilopochtli. Komunye wemikhosi ebaluleke kakhulu, isiboshwa sempi sakhethwa futhi saphathwa njengesikhulu unyaka wonke, ngemva kwalokho sahlatshwa ethempelini ngemva kokuphulwa kwemitshingo emine futhi inhliziyo yaso yakhishwa ngommese we-obsidian.
I-Huitzilopochtli
Nakuba kungakhulunywa ngakho kweminye imibhalo yokuqala, kubalulekile ukuhlanganisa I-Huitzilopochtli, unkulunkulu oyinhloko wokufundisa waseMexico. Igama lakhe lihunyushwa ngokuthi “i-hummingbird yaseningizimu"noma" i-hummingbird esebenzisa isandla sokhohlo," futhi kwakuyi-"hummingbird" unkulunkulu welanga nempiUHuitzilopochtli, umxhasi wabantu baseMexico. Ngokwenganekwane, kwakunguHuitzilopochtli owahola ama-Aztec ekufudukeni kwawo esuka enyakatho eya eSigodini saseMexico, ewayala ukuba athole idolobha lawo lapho athola khona ukhozi luhlezi phezu kwe-cactus ludla inyoka, uphawu oluyingxenye yesibonakaliso sesizwe saseMexico namuhla.
Enganekwaneni yakhe yokuqala, uHuitzilopochtli uyindodana ka I-CoatlicueUnkulunkulukazi womhlaba. Lapho ekhulelwa ngokuyisimangaliso, abantwana bakhe abangamakhulu amane (izinkanyezi zaseningizimu) nendodakazi yakhe uCoyolxauhqui bazama ukumbulala ngenxa yehlazo, kodwa uHuitzilopochtli wazalwa esehlomile kakade, wanqoba abafowabo, waphonsa ikhanda likaCoyolxauhqui esibhakabhakeni, lapho laba yiNyanga. Kwasungulwa kanjalo-ke Ukunqoba kwelanga nsuku zonke phezu kobumnyamaIthempeli layo eliyinhloko lakhiwa e- Ithempeli Eliyinhloko laseTenochtitlan, futhi ihlelo lakhe lalifuna imihlatshelo eminingi yabantu, ikakhulukazi iziboshwa ezibanjwe ezimpini zezimbali.
I-Xiuhtecuhtli
UXiuhtecuhtli wayengunkulunkulu omdala obhekwa njengenkosi umlilo, ukushisa, nesikhathiEnkolweni yama-Aztec, wayengusanta ovikelayo we amaqhawe nababusingoba umlilo wawufanekisela amandla, ukuvuselelwa, kanye nokuqhubeka kozalo. Wawuhlotshaniswa nomlilo weziko kanye "nomlilo omusha," isiko elenziwa vuselela umjikelezo weminyaka engu-52 yekhalenda lama-Aztec, ukucima yonke imililo nokukhanyisa omusha emhlatshelweni ongcwele. Kweminye imithombo, kuhlotshaniswa nokuhlinzekwa kokudla ngezikhathi zokuntuleka kanye nezici zokuphila kwangemva kokufa.
I-Xipe Totec
I-Xipe Totec, “INkosi yethu Eyenziwe Inyama", wayengumvikeli wokuzala kwazo zonke izinto eziphilayo, ukuvuselelwa kwemvelo, intwasahlobo kanye nezitshaloKwavumela izitshalo ukuthi zithele izithelo futhi zivuselelwe, njengoba nje kwakufanekisela ukuzalwa kabusha kwesintu. Kwakuhlotshaniswa ikakhulukazi nommbila kanye nomqondo wokulahla "isikhumba esidala" ukuze kuvuleke indlela entsha.
Amasiko abo ayehlanganisa imihlatshelo lapho izisulu zazihlinzwa khona isikhumba, futhi abapristi babegqoka isikhumba somuntu isikhathi esithile. Lesi senzo sasimelela ihlumela elibunile lesitshalo eliwayo ukuze ihlumela elisha likhule. Wayengumxhasi wabakhandi begolide kanye nezinye izifo, futhi wayengomunye wonkulunkulu abane bokuqala, amadodana ka-Ometéotl.
Onkulunkulu Abaphilisayo
Phakathi kohlu olubanzi lonkulunkulu bama-Aztec, kwakukhona iqembu elihlotshaniswa ne- impilo, imithi kanye nokwelashwaLaba onkulunkulu babebizwa odokotela, abaphulukisi, nababhuli ukuze babuyisele ibhalansi emzimbeni nasemoyeni wabagulayo.
Toci
UToci, owaziwa ngokuthi “unina wonkulunkuluU-Orisha, noma "umphilisi wasebusuku," wayengunkulunkulukazi wodokotela, abathakathi bemithi, kanye nababhula ngezinkanyezi. Wayebusa usuku lweshumi nane lwekhalenda futhi kuthiwa wazalwa ngaphansi kophawu xóchitl (imbali), eyammisela ukuba abe unkulunkulukazi onomusa nomvikeli wempilo. Wayehlonishwa ezimweni ukubeletha, ukuphulukiswa, kanye nemikhuba yokwelaphalapho kwakunikelwa khona amakhambi, ama-tamale, kanye nezithombe zephepha.
ixtlilton
U-Ixtlilton wayengunkulunkulu ohlotshaniswa nazo zombili umkhosi kanye nenjabulo njengokuthi imithi kanye nokwelaphaWayaziwa ngokuthi “inkosi ye-inki emnyama,” esetshenziswa kuma-codex ngenxa yezakhiwo zayo zokwelapha ezingaba khona. Kodwa-ke, isici sakhe esivelele kakhulu kwakuwukuxhumana kwakhe ne- umculo, imidanso kanye nemikhosiNoma nini lapho kuhlelwa idili elikhulu, abapristi babo babecelwa ukuba balibusise.
Ithempeli lakhe lalaziwa ngokuthi indawo yombhali, ebizwa ngokuthi iTlacuicolan ngesiNahuatl, lapho kwakuhlanganiswa khona amasiko, ukuphulukisa, kanye nemisebenzi yobuciko. Abantu abaningi abagulayo nezingane babelethwa lapho ukuze banakekelwe ngezingoma, imidanso, kanye namafutha okugcoba alungiselelwe abapristi base-Ixtlilton.
I-Patecatl
I-Patecatl, ebizwa ngokuthi “umhlali wezokwelapha"Wayengunkulunkulu wokutholwa kwe- i-pulqueI-Pulque, isiphuzo esingcwele esitholakala esitshalweni se-maguey, yayiyinkosi yesikhathi sezinsuku eziyishumi nantathu (kusukela ku-1 Monkey kuya ku-13 House) futhi yayibhekwa njengonkulunkulu wemithi nezitshalo zokuphulukisa. Nakuba i-pulque yayingahlotshaniswa nenjabulo nokweqisa, yayinesici somkhuba nokwelapha.
Onkulunkulu abahlotshaniswa nokudla nokuzala kwezolimo
Umnotho wama-Aztec wawuthembele kakhulu ku- ezolimoikakhulukazi ukutshalwa kommbila, ukudla okuyinhloko kwaseMesoamerica. Ngakho-ke, kwakukhona onkulunkulu abathile abahlotshaniswa nokudla, isivuno, kanye nokuzala kwenhlabathi, okwakunikezelwa kubo imikhosi neminikelo ukuqinisekisa inala.
I-Chicomecoatl
I-Chicomecoatl, “izinyoka eziyisikhombisa”, kwakuyiyona unkulunkulukazi wommbila nokondlaWayaziwa nangokuthi uXilonen noma "onentshebe." Wayemele ukuhlanzeka, ukunakekelwa kwekhaya, kanye nokuhlinzekwa kokudla. Kwakukholelwa ukuthi nguye owaqala ukudalwa kokudla okumnandi okusekelwe kummbila: ama-tortilla, ama-tamale, ama-atole, nezinye izitsha eziyisisekelo ekudleni kwaseMesoamerica.
Ama-Aztec amnikeza ukudla, abekwe ezinyaweni zomfanekiso wakhe ethempelini, ukuze athole umusa wakhe. isibusiso ezitshalweni zommbilaNgemikhosi ethile, izindlu nama-altare kwakuhlotshiswa ngezitshalo zommbila, futhi imbewu yayibusiswa ngaphambi kokutshala. I-Chicomecoatl yayibhekwa njengomvikeli we- ezolimo kanye nomphakathi, ukunakekela ngokukhethekile abantu abasengozini kakhulu ngokudla.
I-Coatlicue
I-Coatlicue, ogama layo livame ukuhunyushwa ngokuthi “isiketi senyokaINazaretha ingunkulunkulukazi ophikisana kakhulu, owaziwa ngokuletha ukufa kodwa futhi nokunikeza impilo kuzo zonke izitshalo. Ungunina kaHuitzilopochtli nabanye onkulunkulu abaningi, futhi uboniswa egqoke iziketi ezenziwe ngezinyoka kanye nomgexo wezandla nezinhliziyo zabantu. Ufanekisela izwe elidlayo nelidlayo, ukuphila nokufa njengezinto ezingokoqobo ezihambisanayo.
Ethempelini lakhe eTenochtitlán kwakukhona isithombe sakhe esidumile esingenakhanda, esingameleli nje kuphela Unkulunkulukazi womhlabakodwa futhi nokuxhumana nenyanga kanye nemijikelezo yemvelo. Ukuhlangana kwakhe noMexcoatl kwaveza uQuetzalcoatl, futhi inganekwane yakhe yokukhulelwa okuyisimangaliso yaxhumanisa umzimba wakhe no- ukuzala kwendawo yonke kanye nokuzalwa kabusha.
I-Centeotl
UCenteotl wayengomunye unkulunkulu ohlobene nommbila nokudla. Kuthiwa yena waphephela emhlabeniukukhiqiza izinto ezahlukahlukene ezibalulekile kubantu, njengommbila nezinye izinhlamvu. Kwaqashelwa njenge- UNkulunkulu, umlingani kanye nomphathi wokudla, okuhambisana nemisebenzi yeChicomecoatl kanye nabanye onkulunkulu bezolimo.
Onkulunkulu abahlotshaniswa nemisebenzi yabantu kanye nemisebenzi
Ngaphezu konkulunkulu bendawo yonke nabezolimo, ama-Aztec ayenonkulunkulu ababevikela futhi bebusa phezu kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zonkulunkulu. ezohwebo nobungcwetiAbathengisi, abashayeli bemikhumbi, abazingeli, noma abahambi babenabasekeli abangcwele ababephendukela kubo ohambweni lwabo noma emisebenzini yabo yansuku zonke.
yacatecuhtli
UYacatecuhtli wayengu- INkosi yezohwebo, ukuhamba, kanye nokushintshanaWayebhekwa njengomunye "wonkulunkulu basendulo." Wayevame ukuboniswa enekhala elikhulu, uphawu lwesiqondiso sohambo, njengoba lalikhomba indlela eya phambili. Abathengisi babenikela kuye iminikelo ebalulekile, ngezinye izikhathi kuhlanganise nokunikela ngezigqila, ukuze bathole umusa wakhe. ukuvikelwa emizileni emide neyingozi.
I-Acolometoctli
I-Acolometoctli yayaziwa ngokuba yi- umvikeli wamatilosiWavezwa enonogwaja ababili ezikebheni, izimpawu zokuzala kanye nenhlanhla. Inkolo yakhe yayihlobene nokudlula imizimba yamanzi namachibi, kubaluleke kakhulu empilweni yansuku zonke neyezentengiselwano yeSigodi saseMexico.
Opochtli
U-Opochtli wayebhekwa njengonkulunkulu owanikeza Inhlanhla ngokuzingela nokudobaWayebhekwa njengomdali we amanetha okudoba kanye namanye amathuluzi okuzingela. Kwakuyinto evamile ukubeka ipuleti lokudla kanye nengilazi yewayini noma i-pulque eminikelweni yabo. Ukuvikelwa kwabo kwakucelwa ngaphambi kokuya kokuzingela ezweni noma olwandle, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abantu bayazondla.
I-Tlacotzonfli
UTlacotzonfli wayengu umvikeli unkulunkulu wemigwaqoWayenomthwalo wemfanelo wokuvikela bonke labo ababethatha uhambo beyofuna ukudla, ukuhweba, noma izivumelwano. Abahambi babefuna isivikelo sakhe ezingozini ezifana namasela, izilwane zasendle, kanye nezimo zemvelo ezimbi.
Onkulunkulu abahlotshaniswa nezinkanyezi nesibhakabhaka
Izidalwa zasezulwini—ilanga, inyanga, izinkanyezi, kanye neMilky Way—nazo zazibhekwa njengonkulunkulu abathile. Isibhakabhaka sasebusuku sasicatshangelwa njengesiteji sezinto izimpi zomhlaba wonke, lapho ilanga, inyanga, nezinkanyezi kwakumelela amandla aphezulu asebenzisana njalo.
I-Mixcoatl / Maxcoatl
I-Mixcoatl, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-Maxcoatl kweminye imithombo, yayiyi- unkulunkulu wokuzingela, iziphepho, izinkanyezi kanye ne-Milky WayIgama lakhe lingahunyushwa ngokuthi “inyoka yamafu.” Wayebhekwa njengomvikeli wabantu base-Otomi nabaseChichimec, ngakho-ke wayevame ukubonwa njengomuntu odumile. unkulunkulu wakwelinye izwe ngaphakathi kwe-pantheon yaseMexico.
Wayimelela nge imivimbo emhlophe nebomvu phezu komzimba futhi ehlome ngomnsalo, imicibisholo, namanetha. Wadunyiswa ngokuletha umlilo phakathi kwabantu Ukukhulekela kwabo kwakuhlanganisa ukuzingela okungokwesiko, imililo emikhulu, kanye nemihlatshelo. E-cosmogony yama-Aztec, i-Milky Way yayikholelwa ukuthi ingenye yezibonakaliso zabo esibhakabhakeni.
ICitlaticlue
I-Citlaticlue imelela ukukhanya kwezinkanyezi esibhakabhakeni sasebusuku. Nakuba imininingwane yokukhulekela kwabo ingaziwa kangako, umsebenzi wabo kwakuwukuqinisa ubukhulu obungcwele besibhakabhaka kanye nokuhleleka okwanikezwa yizinkanyezi esikhathini nasekuhambeni.
Yohaltecuhtli
I-Yohualtecuhtli, “inkosi yobusuku”, yayihlotshaniswa ukulala ebusuku kanye nokuvikelwa kwamaphupho ezinsanaKwakuhlotshaniswa nezikhathi ezibalulekile njengokufa, ukuzalwa, kanye nokushiswa kwesidumbu. Ukuba khona kwaso kwaqinisekisa ukuguquka okuhlelekile phakathi kokuvuka nokulala, kanye naphakathi kokuphila nokufa.
Phakathi konkulunkulu abahlotshaniswa nezinkanyezi kufakiwe futhi tonathi (unkulunkulu welanga) kanye nonkulunkulu benyanga nezinkanyezi ababechaza imigqi yekhalenda neyesiko labantu base-Aztec.
Onkulunkulu bezigameko zemvelo nezinhlekelele
Ama-Aztec abonakaliswa konkulunkulu hhayi nje kuphela izakhi zemvelo ezizuzisayo, kodwa futhi izinhlekelele namandla abhubhisayo njengokuzamazama komhlaba, isomiso esikhulu, noma inkungu. Laba onkulunkulu babengasebenza njengesixwayiso nesikhumbuzo samandla ezinto ezingcwele.
I-Tepeyollotl
I-Tepeyollotl, evame ukumelelwa ngesimo se- jaguarUngunkulunkulu wemisindo nezintaba. Wayebizwa ngokuthi ungomunye amandla okubangela ukuzamazama komhlaba kanye neminye imikhosi yomhlaba. Ukuba khona kwakhe kwakuzwakala ekubhongeni okwakuzwakala emihumeni nasemaweni, futhi wayesatshwa futhi ehlonishwa ngekhono lakhe lokudala isiphithiphithi se-geological.
I-Atlacoya
I-Atlacoya, ogama layo lihunyushwa ngokuthi “amanzi adabukisayo", kwakungunkulunkulukazi owayemele indle engami kanye nesomiso esibi kakhuluUma engayitholi iminikelo efanele, wayengayihoxisa imvula futhi abangele izikhathi zokuntuleka okukhulu, okuthinta kokubili izitshalo kanye nokuphila kwansuku zonke kwabantu.
Ayauhteotl
U-Ayauhtéotl ungunkulunkulukazi ohlotshaniswa no- ukuqhosha, udumo, kanye nokubonakalaWayeyaziwa ngokwenza izinto zibonakale inkungu Kokubili ubusuku nemini, kufiphaza imidwebo yezinto futhi kudala ukudideka. Inkungu yayifanekisela ngokucophelela isimo sokukhohlisa nokwedlula kwesikhathi senkazimulo yasemhlabeni.
Onkulunkulu bokuzala, ubulili, nomndeni
Emphakathini lapho ukuzala, umndeni, kanye nokuqhubeka kozalo kwakuyizici ezibalulekile, onkulunkulu besizukulwane ukuzala kanye nobulili Babenendima ebalulekile. Abanye babo babelawula ukuziphatha, uthando olungekho emthethweni, kanye nokuzalwa kwabantwana.
UTlazolteotl
I-Tlazolteotl yayaziwa ngokuthi inkosikazi yocansi nokungcolaYayihlotshaniswa nezindaba zothando oluvuthayo, izifiso zenyama, nothando olungemthetho. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, yayinendima yokuhlanza: yayingamunca “izono” ezihlobene nenkanuko, ihlanze ngokokuziphatha labo abavuma kubapristi bayo. Ngakho-ke yayimelela ukufana phakathi kwesifiso nokuhlanzwa, phakathi kwemfucuza kanye nokuvunda komhlaba.
ICihuacoatl
UCihuacoatl wayengu- owesifazane wokuqala ukubeletha Ngokwezinye izinganekwane, wamenyezelwa njengonkulunkulukazi ongumvikeli wokubeletha kanye nomqondisi wodokotela ababenakekela abesifazane. Wayehlotshaniswa futhi nommbila kanye nokuzala kwabantu. Kwezinye izinganekwane ezidumile kamuva, wayehlotshaniswa nomfanekiso ka-“ILa Llorona", owesifazane ozulazulayo ekhala, yize lezi zindaba zixuba isiko langaphambi kwamaSpanishi nokuchazwa kabusha kwamakoloni.
Onkulunkulu bokufa kanye nomhlaba ongaphansi komhlaba
Ukufa kwakuyindawo ebalulekile embonweni womhlaba wama-Aztec. Kwakungaqondwa njengokuphela okuphelele, kodwa njengokuphela ukushintshela kwamanye amazinga okuphilaNgakho-ke, isixuku sasihlanganisa onkulunkulu abaningana bezwe elingaphansi komhlaba kanye nezindlela ezithile zokufa.
I-Chalmecatl
UChalmecatl wabusa ngaphansiukuqondisa imiphefumulo emthunzini. Wayebhekwa njengomunye wonkulunkulu babafileyo, owayephethe ukuhlela izikhala nemizila okwakumelwe imiphefumulo iyithathe ngemva kokufa.
I-Teoyaomqui
UTeoyaomqui wayemele ukufa kwempiOkusho ukuthi, imiphefumulo yamaqhawe awile empini. Le mimoya yayinesikhundla esikhethekile, njengoba yayihamba nelanga ohambweni lwalo futhi yayingabuya njenge ama-hummingbird noma izinyoni ezinezimpaphe ezikhanyayoUkukhulekela kwakhe kwaqinisa iqhawe elifanele kanye nobuqhawe empini.
Izli
U-Itzli wayengunkulunkulu owayemelela Ubulukhuni bomhlaba ngesimo setshe kanye nemihlatshelo eyenziwa ngemimese ye-obsidian. Wayehlotshaniswa nezinsimbi zokusika ezisetshenziswa emikhosini kanye nokuqina okungenakunyakaziswa kwesiphetho. Ukuba khona kwakhe kwaba yisikhumbuzo sokuthi impilo kanye nokuhleleka kwendawo yonke kuncike kuye. umhlatshelo wegazi.
Phakathi konkulunkulu bokufa, okulandelayo nakho kuyagqama I-MictlantecuhtliUMictlantecuhtli, inkosi kaMictlán nomyeni kankulunkulukazi wokufa. Wayevezwa njengohlaka lwamathambo olunamehlo avelele e-obsidian. Wayebusa indawo lapho imiphefumulo eminingi eyafa ngezimbangela zemvelo yayiya khona, indawo yomthunzi nokuthula. Inganekwane kaQuetzalcóatl eqoqa amathambo asendulo endaweni yakhe ibonisa indima kaMictlantecuhtli njengo umnakekeli wokufa nokuzalwa kabusha.
Inkolo yama-Aztec, amathempeli ayo kanye nefa layo
Kwakukhona izinhlobonhlobo eziningi zonkulunkulu ababekhulekelwa ama-Aztec, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bazalwa emasikweni abo noma bathathwe kwabadala. Konke lokhu kubangelwa yilokhu: zonke izici zokuphilaKonke, kusukela esimweni sezulu kuya emisebenzini kanye nokuziphatha kobulili, kwakunobunkulunkulu bako obumele. Inkolo yaseMexico yayiyisibonakaliso sokuhleleka komphakathi kanye nezepolitiki: njengoba nje kwakukhona ubuholi phakathi kwezikhulu, amaqhawe, abathengisi, kanye nabalimi, kwakukhona futhi onkulunkulu abaphezulu konkulunkulu abakhulu, abancane, kanye nabasendaweni.
Njengoba iyinganekwane ebanzi futhi eyinkimbinkimbi ngempela, kwakwenziwa amasiko amaningi namuhla angase abonakale njengangenabuntu ngenxa yokunikela ngokuphila okungenacala. Kodwa-ke, kuma-Aztec, lezi zenzo zaziyisenzo esibi kakhulu. isibopho esingcwele kanye nohlobo lokubuyisana nonkulunkulu: igazi lomuntu lagcina ilanga lihamba, lenza izitshalo zikhule, futhi lavikela umphakathi ezinhlekeleleni ezinkulu.
Amathempeli amelela bonke laba onkulunkulu bama-Aztec, abaningi babo ngesimo amaphiramidi esinyatheloLa mathempeli ayephakathi kwenhliziyo yamadolobha, ikakhulukazi eTenochtitlán. Imikhosi yomphakathi, imidanso, izingqungquthela, kanye nemihlatshelo kwakwenziwa lapho. Namuhla, eziningana zalezi zindawo ezingcwele zingavakashelwa nabaqondisi bezivakashi, okunikeza okuhlangenwe nakho okuhle kakhulu. ukucebisa amasikoUkuhlola izinsalela zayo zemivubukulo kuvumela umuntu ukuthi aqonde kangcono ukuthi iMexico yahlela kanjani isikhathi sayo, isikhala, kanye nokuphila kwansuku zonke eduze konkulunkulu.
Ngonkulunkulu babo nezinganekwane, impucuko yama-Aztec yashiya uphawu olujulile ekuqondeni iMexico nayo yonke iMesoamerica. Imikhosi eminingi yanamuhla, njengoSuku Lwabafileyo noma eminye imikhosi yezolimo, igcina ukuphindaphindwa kwalezi zinkolelo zasendulo, okusikhumbuza ukuthi, naphezu kokudlula kwamakhulu eminyaka, umbono wezwe ongcwele Ifa leMexico yasendulo lisakhona emasikweni anamuhla.