Ukuqoshwa kwengoma kwaziwa njengomkhuba ngaphakathi komdwebo ongabonakali, owaqala cishe ekuqaleni kokuqoshwa kwezithombe ngokwazo. Izazi-mlando eziningi zibeka ukuvela kwawo cishe ngo-1910, unyaka ovame ukubhekwa njengendawo yokuqala yokudweba ongabonakali. Kubhekwa njengomunye weminyakazo yokuqala emikhulu lapho umdwebi... Iyalahla umzamo wokumelela iqiniso ngendlela eqotho. ukugxila cishe ngokuphelele emizweni, ekushukumeni komzimba, nombala.
Kulowo mbono womlando, umdwebi waseRussia UVasili Kandinsky udale umdwebo ozokhomba ukuqala komdwebo ongabonakali, futhi abone kufanele ukuthi aqambe igama ngqo "i-watercolor yokuqala engabonakaliKwakuwumsebenzi wokuqala we-avant-garde owadalwa kule nhlangano futhi owokuqala walowo owenza uKandinsky waba nguyise we-abstraction, evula indlela yohlobo lomdwebo lapho Amafomu ayancibilika bese umbala uba ngumlingiswa oyinhloko.
Lo mkhuba wawubonakala ngokwehluleka kwawo ukudala izinhlobo ezivamile zokumelela iqiniso, ngaleyo ndlela kudingeke abantu badwebe imibono yabo emidwebweni. Umphakathi wawungasabhekene nezwe noma isithombe esibonakalayo, kodwa kunalokho... ukuchachamba kombala, imigqa, imigqi kanye nokuthungwa lokho kwamema incazelo yomuntu siqu neyimfihlo.
Intshisekelo yakhe enkulu kwakungukwakha amafomu amasha lokho zwakalisa imizwa eqala ekuqaleninokuthi azimelelanga lutho oluphathekayo emphakathini, ngoba ngale ndlela zazikwazi ukuxhumana kakhulu nemizwa yomculi, njengoba umongo wangempela wawulahlekile ngokuphelele. Esikhundleni sokuqala esithombeni somuntu noma entweni ethile, umdwebi wezingoma wahlela umdwebo njengokungathi uyinto ukwakheka komculo lapho umbala ngamunye kanye nomugqa ngamunye kusebenza njengamanothi.
Indlela abadwebi ababeyithanda kakhulu kulo mkhuba omusha kwakuyi-watercolor, futhi badweba nemidwebo emincane kanye nezifundo; nokho, abanye babo badweba ama-canvas amakhulu ngamafutha agcwele imizwa kanye nentshisekelo. Okwakubaluleke kakhulu kulo mkhuba kwakuyi... umbala phezu kwesimoImibala ehlukene iyindlela yokumelela imizwa ngayinye edlula engqondweni yomdwebi. Kamuva, abadwebi abaningi abangabonakali bezingoma babezofaka amasu anjengokuthi eshayela (upende uyaconsa noma uyachaphaza), ifulethi (kuhlikihlwe ukuze kutholakale ukuthungwa), ukukhuhla (ukuklwebha izendlalelo zemibala) noma Collage, njalo ngenhloso yokuqinisa ukushesha kwesenzo kanye nokuqina ngokomzwelo.
Iziqalo
Phakathi nawo-1910, abaculi abaningi abavela ezinhlanganweni ezahlukene babezama umkhuba wokucabanga ngezinto ezingabonakali, okwakungakaqanjwa kanjalo ngaleso sikhathi, ngamunye ngombono wakhe ohlukile. Nakuba abanye babehlala beseduze nokumelwa okungokomfanekiso, abanye bangena emikhakheni emisha ngokuphelele, bekude kakhulu nanoma yikuphi ukubhekisela eqinisweni elibonakalayo, befuna ulimi lwepulasitiki oluzimele.
Ukunikeza isibonelo esisodwa, abaculi beCubist kanye neFuturist basebenze nezithombe zangempela, abaziguqula ngamabomu ukuveza imibono nobunjalo obungaqondakali. AmaSupremacists namaConstructivists asebenzise amafomu angempela futhi abonakalayo kubuciko bawonjengezikwele, izindilinga, noma imigqa, kodwa zazinikeza incazelo engokomfanekiso engafuni ukumela into efanayo engabonakala futhi engacacile. Kuzo zonke lezi zimo, ukucashunwa kwakuqondakala njengento ukunciphisa kanye nokuhlela kabusha iqinisoKodwa-ke, elinye iqembu labaculi labhekana nokusetshenziswa kwezinto ngendlela ehluke kakhulu kunabo bonke abanye.
Liholwa nguWassily Kandinsky, leli qembu lamukela umkhuba wokusebenzisa izinto ezingabonakali ngombono wokungazi incazelo engase ifihleke kulokho ababekudweba. Abaqalanga ngezinto ezibonakalayo, kodwa baqala kusukela izifiso zangaphakathi, imizwa, kanye nobudlelwano bomculoKulaba badwebi, umdwebo waba yindawo lapho umuzwa ungageleza khona ngokukhululeka ngaphandle kombhalo osungulwe kusengaphambili.
Babelindele lokho umdwebo wefomu yamahhala, Futhi ngaphandle kokusebenzisa noma yimuphi umongo noma isimo esibonakalayo, babengabonisa umhlaba emidwebweni yabo incazelo yento entsha nengaziwa. UKandinsky, isibonelo, wasekela imidwebo yakhe ezingomeni zomculo, adlulisa ngazo imizwa ngendlela engaqondakali ngokuphelele, njengokungathi indwangu yayiyi-music score lapho imibala nemigqa kwakukhiqiza khona. izigqi, ukuthula kanye nokucindezeleka.
Imidwebo yakhe kulo mkhakha yayinentshisekelo, ithinta inhliziyo, ithinta imizwa, inobuciko, futhi iveza imizwa. Ngamanye amazwi: ithinta imizwa. Le mfanelo yemisindo yayingabhekiseli nje kuphela ebuhleni bombala, kodwa futhi naku- ukujula okungokomoya nokukhona lokho umdwebi ayefuna ukukuveza, ngale kwanoma iyiphi indaba noma indaba ecacile.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, le ndlela yokuqonda ukucashunwa kwencazelo yathonya abadwebi abaningi baseYurophu naseMelika, abaqala ukuhlola ukudweba njengomkhakha we- ukuziveza ngokweqileNgakho-ke ukuqashelwa kwengoma kwaba yigama eliwusizo lokuchaza isethi yemisebenzi lapho ukuzithoba kanye nokushukuma okuzenzakalelayo kwakuyi-axis ephakathi, ngokungafani nemisinga enengqondo noma yejiyometri.
Ukukhishwa kobuciko ngemuva kwempi
Ukuqoshwa kwengoma kukaKandinsky kwakungafani nezinye izindlela eziningi zobuciko ezazikhona emashumini eminyaka alandela, ikakhulukazi lezo ezazikhuthaza ubuciko obungacacile. i-geometric, ihlelekile futhi inengqondoUbuciko bakhe babungehlobene ngqo nenkolo, kodwa kwakuhlale kukhona inkomba yezinto ezingokomoya emsebenzini wakhe. Emibhalweni yakhe, waphikisana ngokuthi ubuciko kufanele buxhumane "nezidingo zangaphakathi" zabantu.
Abaculi abahlotshaniswa nezinye izikole zobuciko, njenge-Concrete Art kanye ne-Surrealism, bafuna ukudala ubuciko, nakuba bungeyona eyenkolo futhi buyindlela yobuciko, babulula ngokwanele ukuba izilaleli zibubone futhi zibuchaze ngokombono wemfundiso. Isibonelo, i-Surrealism yayithembele ku- izithombe ezifana namaphupho kanye nezimpawu ezibonakalayokuyilapho ukunyakaza kwekhonkrithi noma kwe-neoplasticist kwakhanga ukucabanga kanye nobulula bejometri.
UKandinsky Bengifuna ifomu lobuciko ebelingachazwa ngokuphelele noma lichazwe; Umuntu ngamunye owayekubona wayezothola incazelo yakhe eyayimqondisa emphefumulweni wakhe. Waveza ukuxhumana kwakhe nezimfihlakalo zendawo yonke ngendlela evulekile kakhulu. Kwakunjengokungathi usungule uhlobo oluthile lokukholelwa ekubeni khona ngokomoya, umdwebo owamema umbukeli ukuba yakha incazelo yakho ngenkathi ezivumela ukuthi athinteke umbala kanye nokunyakaza.
I-Existentialism yayiyifilosofi eyathola abalandeli abaningi ngemva kwezimpi ezinkulu, lapho abantu babefuna ukuqonda lokho ababekubona njengokungabaluleki kokuphila. Abacabangi abagxekayo babengenakukwazi ukucabanga ngamandla aphezulu ayengavumela inani lokubhujiswa ababekubonile. Le nkinga yencazelo yabangela ukusesha inkululeko yangaphakathi kanye nomthwalo wemfanelo womuntu siqu, kusondele kakhulu emoyeni wokucashunwa kwamagama.
Kepha esikhundleni se ukubona umsebenzi wakhe ufinyezwa ukungabikho kukaNkulunkulu okusobalaAbaculi be-existentialist bagxile ekuboniseni ukungabi nalutho kokuphila uqobo, futhi kwakuyisifiso se-existentialist esenza ukuqoshwa kwamagama kuvele ngamandla ebucikweni obungabonakali bangemva kwempi. Abadwebi abavela ezizindeni ezahlukene bathi i-canvas kufanele ibonise umbhalo oqondile wokuhlangenwe nakho komuntu siquUkungabaza, ukwesaba, izifiso, ukuphikisana. Lesi simo sengqondo sasihlobene nezinye izinyathelo ezifanayo njenge- I-Tachisme, Ulwazi Lobuciko, Ukuvezwa Okungabonakali, noma Ubuciko Bezenzo, konke kugxile ekushukumeni komzimba nasemizweni.
Ngalezo zikhathi, impilo yobuciko yamadolobha amakhulu njengeParis yayicishe ishiswe ngokuphelele ngenxa yokuhlasela kwamaNazi, njengoba ubuciko be-avant-garde babungavunyelwe ukuboniswa; abadwebi abakhulu baseJalimane kuphela ababengabonisa ubuciko babo, okwakuyisiqinisekiso esisha sobukhosi bama-Aryan. U-Adolf Hitler uqobo angathi ngomsebenzi kaKandinski: “Kubukeka njengomsebenzi wobudlabha womuntu ongenathalente oneminyaka eyisishiyagalombili noma eyisishiyagalolunye ubudala".
Kodwa ngemva kokukhululwa kweParis, impilo yobuciko yaphinde yaphela, ihambisana nabaculi abangabonakali abathukuthelisa kakhulu i-Führer. Kulesi simo, kwaqala ukuvela kokushukuma komzimba kanye nokwengoma, okwasebenza ngasikhathi sinye njenge ukuqinisekiswa kwenkululeko yezepolitiki, yobuhle kanye nengokomoyaUkudweba kwaba yindawo lapho ukungaguquguquki kwemibono kwakungangatshazwa khona futhi kwamukelwe ukuqamba kabusha, ukungabaza, kanye nokuzithoba.
Ukunyakaza kwe-Lyrical esikhathini samanje
Emashumini eminyaka okuqala ekhulu lama-20, abaculi abanjengoKandinsky, u-Alberto Giacometti, uJean Fautrier, noPaul Klee babeka izisekelo zezitayela zamagama ezichazayo. Imisebenzi yabo yahlola ukuzithoba, uphawu lomuntu siqu, kanye necala lenkondlo ngombala nomugqa. Eminyakeni eminingi kamuva, abanye abaculi abanjengoGeorges Mathieu, uPierre Soulages noJoan Mitchell baqhubeka nokuzithuthukisa, bedala izitayela zomuntu siqu lapho isenzo esinamandla kanye ne-brushstroke ebonakalayo kwakuthatha indawo ebalulekile.
Kwabe sekuthi maphakathi nawo-60 nawo-70, abaculi abanjengoHelen Frankenthaler, uJules Olitski, uMark Rothko, kanye nabanye abaningi bavuselela lo mkhuba ngezakhiwo ezintsha, ngaleyo ndlela bandisa ukubaluleka kwalesi sikhundla. Isibonelo, uFrankenthaler wethula amasu okusebenzisa insimu yombala kanye namabala ancishisiwe anikeze isici esisha kumagama angaqondakali; uRothko, ngezinkambu zakhe ezinkulu zombala, wayefuna ukuvusa umbukeli izimo zokuzindla okujulile futhi cishe kuyimfihlakalo.
Kulokhu kuthuthukiswa okude, ukuqagela kwamagama kwakuhambisana namanye amagama namalebula: ulwazi lobuciko, i-tachism, ubuciko bensimu yombala, ukubonakaliswa okungabonakali, ubuciko bokushukuma komzimba… Bonke babelane ngezinga elikhulu noma elincane ngomqondo wokuthi umdwebo kufanele ubonise. uphawu oluphilayo lomdwebi kanye nenqubo yabo yokudala, kunokuba bamelele ngokwethembeka umhlaba wangaphandle. Umgxeki uHarold Rosenberg waze wachaza eminye yale misebenzi ngokuthi “irekhodi lesenzakalo,” egcizelela ukuthi okwakubalulekile kwakuyisenzo sokudweba, hhayi nje umphumela wokugcina.
Ngaphakathi kwalo mongo obanzi wokuqagela amagama, kuvela nezithombe ezifana noJean-Michel Atlan, kanye nezithombe zabo. izimo eziphilayo nemibala egqamileFuthi abaculi abahlanganisa izilimi namasiko, njengoZao Wou-Ki, abakwazi ukuhlanganisa amathonya aseMpumalanga naseNtshonalanga ezingomeni ezijulile zezinkondlo. Ngamunye, ngokombono wakhe ohlukile, waqinisa umqondo wokuthi ukucashunwa kungaba yindlela enelungelo lokuhlola ubuwena, izinkumbulo, kanye izindawo zangaphakathi.
Ezweni lamaHispanic, muva nje, omunye wabaculi abaphambili benhlangano yokuqopha izingoma, umdwebi waseSpain uLaurent Jiménez-Balaguer, ushone ngo-2015. Kodwa igama lakhe imiqondo, amasu kanye nemibono isekhona emsebenzini wabaculi abaningi njengoMargaret Neill, ozingoma zakhe ezingokwemvelo ezikhuthaza umbukeli ukuba ahlanganyele ngempela nencazelo yemisebenzi yakhe, noma u-Ellen Priest, oxhumanisa ngqo ukudweba nesigqi se-jazz, edlulisela izakhiwo zomculo kuya kwezakhiwo ezibonakalayo.
Okubumbanisa, futhi okuzoqhubeka nokuhlanganisa, laba baculi abaningi bezingoma yisifiso sokuveza okuthile okungokomzwelo, okusekelwe kumuntu, nokushisekela, nokwenza kanjalo ngendlela yobunkondlo nengaqondakali. Lokhu kuzokwenzela inkululeko yokuveza imibono Kuvuselelwa ngesizukulwane ngasinye, okubonisa ukuthi ukucashunwa kwamagama kuhlala kuyindawo evundile kulabo abafuna ubuciko obuseduze nobunamandla obuvulekele izincazelo eziningi.
Izici
Nakuba lo mkhankaso wobuciko ungahlukaniswa ngokuthi uvela ngaphakathi kwezimiso zokuvukela kanye nokungalandeli imithetho, imisebenzi ephathelene nomkhankaso we-lyrical abstract kumele ibe nezici ezithile ezizichazayo. Lezi zici ezivamile zisiza ekuhlukaniseni eminye imisinga ehlobene, njenge-geometric abstraction noma i-minimalism, ebanda kakhulu futhi enengqondo.
- Kumele ibe nokuqukethwe okungokomzweloAkugcini nje ngokuxhunyaniswa nomdwebi, kodwa futhi nombukeli ozojabulela umdwebo. Umsebenzi we-lyrical abstraction uvame ukuveza imizwa enamandla (ukuzola, ukucindezeleka, injabulo, ukudabuka), futhi inhlanganisela yombala, ukushukuma komzimba, kanye nokuthungwa kwenzelwe ukwenza umbukeli azizwe ekhululekile.
- Kufanele ube nomyalezo obalulekile ukuxhumana nomhlaba. Nakuba ungazivezi ngezithombe ezibonakalayo, umdwebo uwumbono womdwebi ngempilo, umlando, noma isimo somuntu uqobo. Lowo myalezo ungaba ngowokuphila, ongokomoya, wezepolitiki, noma osondelene, kodwa uhlala uvela ku- sesha incazelo.
- Kufanele ube isisekelo sesimo esingokomoya esifanele kumdwebi. Izinto azithandayo, izinto ezimenza abe yilokho ayikho, ukungabaza okumhluphayo, amathonya amasiko ambumbe. Ekugcineni, kuyindlela yokuxhumana nalabo abayithandayo imidwebo yakhe, okumema ukuxhumana okungaphezu kokuhlobisa kuphela.
- Limele imibala ehlukahlukene, ukwakheka nokwakhiwa kwezinto, lapho umbala uvame ukuba khona kuqala kunesimo. Ama-contour avame ukusabalala noma ukuphuka, amasimu e-chromatic ayahlangana futhi ahlangane, futhi ukwakheka kuvame ukuhlelwa ngokwe- imigqi ebonakalayo kunokuba ngokwezinhlelo zombono zakudala.
- Unesifiso sokuhlola imibono kanye nencazelo enganikezwa umdwebo okukhulunywa ngawo. Akanasithakazelo ezimfundisweni zobuciko ezingenalutho. Ukuqoshwa kwamagama aqoshiwe kuyayigwema imithetho eqinile futhi kukhetha ukuhlolwa okuqhubekayo, kokubili ezintweni (umbala wamanzi, uwoyela, i-acrylic, i-collage, imidiya exubile) kanye nasezinqubweni (ukuconsa, ukusonta, ukugcotshwa, izendlalelo ezisobala, ukuconsa, ukugcotshwa, njll.).
Abaculi bezokuhamba
Nakuba abadali abaningi behlotshaniswa nokuqanjwa kwamagama, amanye amagama amelela kakhulu ngenxa yendlela abahlole ngayo i-subjective expression ngombala kanye nokushukuma komzimba.
- UWassily Kandinsky (1866-1944), iphayona lezinto ezingabonakali kanye nendawo yokubhekisela embonweni, umsebenzi wakhe kanye nemibhalo yakhe kwabeka isisekelo somdwebo oqondwa ngokuthi ulimi olungokomoya.
- UHenri Michaux (1899-1984), owaziwa ngama-calligraphy akhe angokomfanekiso kanye nokuhlola kwakhe ngezimo ezishintshile zokuqwashisa, azidlulisela kuye izimpawu zomzimba kanye nemigqa egqamile.
- UHans Hartung (1904-1989), ingcweti yomugqa oguquguqukayo kanye nokuthungwa, omisebenzi yakhe ikhombisa isenzo esinamandla nesicishe sibe nobudlova lokho kunciphisa ukungezwani kwangaphakathi.
- UGeorges Mathieu (1921-2012), owaguqula ukudweba kwaba uhlobo lomdlalo, edala imidwebo ngesivinini esikhulu naphambi komphakathi, ukuze agcizelele ukuzenzela kwesenzo sokudala.
- UHelen Frankenthaler (1928-2011), umuntu obalulekile ekuthuthukisweni komdwebo wensimu yemibala, onamabala akhe acwebezelayo nasobala aveza ukuzwela kombala okungavamile eduze kakhulu nomoya we-lyric.
Lawa magama ahlanganiswa nabanye abafana noPierre Soulages, kanye ne-"outrenoir" yakhe edumile, lapho umnyama uba yinsimu yokukhanya; uJoan Mitchell, ngezingoma zakhe ezikhazimulayo neziminyene; uMark Rothko, obuso bakhe obunama-chromatic bufuna ukuvusa izimo zokuzindla; kanye nabaculi, abavela ezimweni ezahlukene zezindawo namasiko, abaye bamukela ukuqoshwa kwamagama njengendlela yokwenza kanjalo. ukuhlola ubunikazi obuhlanganisiwe kanye nezinkumbulo zomuntu siqu.
Ukunyakaza kokukhishwa kobuciko namuhla
Ezikhathini zethu zanamuhla, ubuciko be-lyrical abstract busamileAbaculi abaningi abasebasha besimanje bayaqhubeka nokusebenza ezinyathelweni zabangaphambi kwabo kuleli gatsha lobuciko, bevumelanisa ulimi lwabo nemidiya emisha (ukufakwa, ubuciko bedijithali, ividiyo, ukusebenza) kodwa begcina ukugxila ku umzwelo osheshayo kanye nokuzithoba.
UMarilyn Kirsch ungomunye wabaculi ababona kahle kulo mkhakha, futhi ungomunye wabadume kakhulu. Her iveza umsebenzi wokucabanga ngesimo somuntuNgaphezu kokufuna ukusinika lokho esingakubheka njengombono wesikhathi esizayo, izingoma zakhe ezingaqondakali zisikisela izindawo zengqondo, amadolobha angokomfanekiso, noma izikhala zesikhashana, okumema umbukeli ukuba baveze izinkumbulo zabo kanye nokulindelwe kwabo.
Eceleni kwakhe, abaculi abanjengoMargaret Neill no-Ellen Priest babonisa indlela ukuhumusha amagama esimanje okususelwa ngayo kwezinye izilimi, njengomculo, ukubhala ngokubhala, ukuklama izakhiwo, kanye nesayensi. UNeill usebenzisa imigqa exhumene kanye nemisindo yezithombe okusikhumbuza amamephu, izicubu noma amanethiwekhi ezinzwaOkwamanje, uPriest uchaza uchungechunge lwemidwebo olusekelwe ezakhiweni zomculo eziyinkimbinkimbi, okubonisa ukuthi ingxoxo phakathi kobuciko isalokhu ingumthombo ongapheli wokuphefumulelwa.
Ezweni eligcwele izithombe nezithombe ezingokomfanekiso, ukuqoshwa kwamagama kunikeza umbukeli isikhala sokuma nokuzindla lapho kungekho khona incazelo eyodwa ebekwe. Umuntu ngamunye angahlobana nomsebenzi wakhe kusukela kumlando wakhe kanye nokuzwela kwakhe, ethola izimpawu, ukushukuma, nemibala indlela yokwenza lokho. hlola imibuzo ejulile mayelana nesikhathi, umzimba, noma inkumbulo.
Ngakho-ke, ukucashunwa kwamagama kwanamuhla kusalokhu kuyindlela yokumelana nokuqina kwezinkulumo ezithile ezibonakalayo. Kuvikela ukubaluleka inkululeko yokudalaKusukela ephutheni, ithuba elilawulwayo kanye nokuhlolwa, futhi kuyaqhubeka nokukhombisa ukuthi, ngisho nangaphandle kwezithombe ezibonakalayo, ukudweba kungadlulisa imizwa enamandla futhi kuhambisane nabantu ezinqubweni zabo zokusesha zangaphakathi.
Kunokuba kube ukunyakaza kwesikhathi esidlule, ukucashunwa kwamagama kuyaqhubeka nokuguquka futhi kubandakanyeka nezinguquko zomphakathi, ezobuchwepheshe, kanye namasiko, kuzibeka njengomunye wemithombo ecebile yokuqonda ukuthi ubuciko obucashile bungaqhubeka kanjani nokukhuluma ngezici eziseduze kakhulu zomuntu.