Ukuwohloka kwemvelo: izimbangela, imiphumela kanye nezixazululo ezisebenzayo zokuvimba umonakalo emhlabeni

Ukuwohloka kwemvelo kuwumphumela wezinto ezahlukahlukene. umonakalo obangelwe emvelweniIzibonelo zifaka phakathi izinguzunga zeqhwa ezincibilikayo, ukungcola komoya namanzi, kanye nokulahlekelwa amahlathi kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Lezi zimbangela nemiphumela zingahlukahluka, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuziqonda ukuze kuvinjelwe, kuncishiswe, noma kutholakale izixazululo ezivumela intuthuko esimeme ngempela.

Ukuwohloka kwemvelo akuyona into engavamile futhi akuyona into yamuva nje.Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kuwumphumela ohlangene weminyaka eminingi yemisebenzi yabantu enzima (imboni, ezokuthutha, ezolimo, ukusetshenziswa okukhulu) eye yadlula amandla oMhlaba okuvuselela nokugcina ibhalansi yemvelo. Ukuqonda izimbangela, izinhlobo, imiphumela, kanye nezixazululo zayo kubalulekile ekwenzeni izinqumo ezinomthwalo wemfanelo kokubili emazingeni omuntu ngamunye kanye nawomphakathi.

Kungani ukuwohloka kwemvelo kwenzeka?

Kunezici ezahlukahlukene noma izici ezithinta ukuwohloka kwemveloLokhu kufaka phakathi ukuncipha kwemithombo yemvelo, umkhakha wezimboni, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, ukwehla kwezindawo zokuhlala, ukukhula kwenani labantu, ukungeniswa kwezinhlobo zezilwane zakwamanye amazwe ezihlaselayo, kanye nokungcola kwazo zonke izinhlobo. Konke kunokuthile okufanayo: kuvela kumodeli yentuthuko esekelwe ekusetshenzisweni kakhulu kwamandla nezinto zokusetshenziswa, kanye nokukhiqizwa kwenqwaba yemfucuza.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, eziningi zalezi zithonya aziveli zodwa, kodwa kunalokho zenza ngendlela okuqongelelayo nokusebenzisanaIsibonelo, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kwandisa ukukhishwa kwe-CO2₂Lokhu kwenza ushintsho lwesimo sezulu lube lubi kakhulu; futhi, ushintsho lwesimo sezulu luqinisa isomiso kanye nemililo, okubhubhisa amahlathi amaningi nakakhulu. Lokhu kusebenzisana kuqinisa ukuwohloka futhi kwenza isinyathelo sibe siphuthumayo.

Ukungcola

Kubizwa ukungcola kuya ku ukuguqulwa kwendawo ezungezile ngokufakwa kwezinto eziyingozi ezingafaneleki noma ezingafaneleki, okungukuthi, ngokuyisisekelo ukuba khona kwanoma iyiphi into noma into engeyona eyendawo yokuhlala noma etholakala ngamanani aphezulu kunemvelo futhi ebangela umphumela omubi kuyo.

Kungenzeka ukuthola okuhlukile Izinhlobo zokungcolanjengoba zivame ukuhlukaniswa ngokwendlela ethintekile. Phakathi kwazo, ezivame kakhulu ukungcola komhlabathi, okomkhathi, kwamanzi noma kwasemanzini, kanye nokungcoliswa kwemisindo, okuvame ukufundwa esikoleni; kodwa nezinye izinhlobo zokungcola kufanele zicatshangelwe. ukungcoliswa kokukhanya, okubonakalayo, okushisayo, okukagesi, okunemisebe, okuphathelene nezakhi zofuzo kanye nodoti (kufaka phakathi izinto zikagesi kanye nemishini eyingozi noma ekhethekile).

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukungcola kuhlukaniswa ngokwezinga lomthombo, okungukuthi, indlela okusatshalaliswa ngayo endaweni ezungezile; lezi yizona iphuzu, ukusabalalisa kanye nomugqa.

• Ofika ngesikhathi Lokhu kwenzeka lapho ukungcola kugxile endaweni eyodwa, njengepayipi lezimboni, ishimoni, noma indawo yokulahla udoti eyenziwe ngokhonkolo.
• Ukusabalalisa Kubhekisela ezimweni lapho ukuba khona kwezinto eziyingozi kusakazeka kabanzi endaweni ezungezile, njenge-asidi ekhiqizwa emvuleni ngokuhlanganiswa kwamakhemikhali ayingozi kanye nomswakama womoya, noma umanyolo wezolimo ofinyelela emanzini angaphansi komhlaba kanye nemifula evela ezindaweni eziningi.
• OkuqondileUkusatshalaliswa okuqondile, njengoba igama lakho lisho, ukusatshalaliswa kodoti emigwaqweni. Isibonelo esicacile kakhulu udoti otholakala ezindleleni, emigwaqweni, noma emizileni yesitimela, noma ukungcola okuhlobene nemigwaqo ematasa.

Kuye ngokuthi imvelaphi yayo, kungenzeka futhi ukuhlukanisa phakathi kokungcola zemvelo (ukuqhuma kwezintaba-mlilo, imililo yemvelo yamahlathi, iziphepho zothuli) kanye nokungcola okwenziwayo noma okubangelwa abantu, etholakala emisebenzini yabantu (imboni, ezokuthutha, ezolimo, imfucuza). Nakuba okokuqala kuyingxenye yemijikelezo yemvelo yeplanethi, lokhu kwamuva kuyimbangela yokwanda okusheshayo kokuwohloka kwemvelo emashumini eminyaka amuva nje.

Umkhakha Wezimboni

Umkhakha wezimboni ungenye yezici ezibangela umonakalo omkhulu emvelweni; kungenzeka futhi ukuhlonza ngaphakathi kwawo izinhlobo zomthelela oqondile nongaqondile kuye ngendawo, njengemboni yezolimo, amahlathi aqinile kanye namafektri ahlangabezana nesidingo esibangelwa ukuthengwa ngokweqile kanye nokuntuleka kolwazi ngemvelo.

• Izimboni zezolimo Zishintshe kakhulu. Ngaphambilini, izinhlobo zezitshalo nezilwane zemvelo zazigcinwa kakhulu, ngezinhlelo zendabuko zokulima okuningi kanye nokufuya amadlelo amaningi. Kodwa-ke, ezolimo namuhla zivame ukusekelwe ku- ukutshala izitshalo ezihlanganisiwe kakhulu noma izitshalo eziguquliwe, okuhambisana nokusetshenziswa okukhulu komanyolo kanye nezibulala-zinambuzane. Lokhu kwandisa isivuno sesikhashana kodwa konakalisa inhlabathi, kungcolise amanzi, futhi kunciphisa ukuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Kwenzeka okufanayo nasekufuyweni kwezilwane okujulile, okugxila inani elikhulu lezilwane endaweni encane, okukhiqiza ukukhishwa kwe-methane, iphunga elibi, kanye nenqwaba yemfucuza.
• Ukutshalwa kwamahlathi kwezimboni Ngakolunye uhlangothi, sekuyindlela yokwenziwa kakhulu, njengoba izitshalo zishintshiwe ukuze zibe nesivuno esikhulu, zikhule ngokushesha, futhi zinciphise amathuba okuthola izifo. Izindawo ezinkulu zitshalwa uhlobo olulodwa (njengephayini noma i-eucalyptus) oluthi, yize lukhiqiza izinkuni ngokushesha, izimiso zemvelo ezimpofuZidla amanzi amaningi futhi azithathi indawo yobunzima behlathi lemvelo.
• Amafektri Izimpahla, izinto, noma yini enye ikhiqizwa njalo ukuze kwaneliswe umphakathi wabathengi, ongagcini nje ngokukhiqiza ukungcola komoya, amanzi, kanye nenhlabathi ngezinqubo zawo, kodwa futhi ohlinzeka ngemiphakathi imikhiqizo kanye nokupakishwa okuzoba yimfucuza futhi kuzoba nomthelela ekonakaleni kwemvelo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinqubo eziningi zezimboni zincike kumafutha emvelo (uwoyela, igesi, amalahle) futhi zikhipha inani elikhulu lamafutha. amagesi abamba ukushisa, njenge-carbon dioxide (CO2)₂kanye ne-methane (CH4)₄), okuyimbangela yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Ukuhlanganiswa kokukhishwa kwegesi, ukusetshenziswa kakhulu kwezinsizakusebenza, kanye nokukhiqizwa kwemfucuza kwenza umsebenzi wezimboni ube ngenye yezinto ezibangela ukuwohloka kwemvelo emhlabeni jikelele.

Ukuwohloka kwendawo yokuhlala

Ngenxa yezenzo ezenziwa ngabantu, njengokwakhiwa kwamadamu, imigwaqo, izikhumulo zezindiza, ukufuduka kwabantu emadolobheni noma ukuvakasha okukhulu ogwini, lokhu kufeziwe. kulimaza kakhulu izimo zemvelo zendawo yokuhlalaokuyingozi ezitshalweni nasezinhlotsheni zezilwane ezihlala lapho.

Ukuwohloka kwemvelo kwenzeka futhi ukwethula izinhlobo zezilwane ezindaweni ezahlukene zokuhlalaLezi zinhlobo, njengoba zingaveli endaweni, zingaphazamisa umjikelezo wokuphila kohlobo oluthile, zincintisane nezinhlobo zomdabu ngokudla nendawo, zishintshe uchungechunge lokudla, noma zidlulisele izifo. Lesi simo, esaziwa ngokuthi ukuhlasela kwebhayoloji, ingenye yezimbangela eziyinhloko zokulahlekelwa yizinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni.

Ngayinye yalezi zimbangela ilandela inqubo egcina ithinta indawo esihlala kuyo, into esiyaziyo kodwa esiyishaya indiva kakhulu. imikhankaso mayelana nokulimala kwemvelo Nakuba kube nemiphumela emihle, kusenendlela ende okufanele ihanjwe ukuze kukhuliswe ukuqwashisa phakathi kwabantu bonke futhi kuguqulwe lokho kuqwashisa kube izinguquko zokuziphatha ezihlala njalo.

Ukwanda kwabantu

Enye yezimbangela ezinkulu ze ukuwohloka kwemvelo Lokhu kwenzeka ngenxa yokukhula kwenani labantu, ikakhulukazi, ukwanda kokusetshenziswa komuntu ngamunye. Lapho abantu beba baningi, Uma ingcindezi enkulu ohlelweni lwe-ecosystemKudingeka ukudla okwengeziwe, amanzi amaningi, amandla amaningi, kanye nezinto zokwakha izindlu nezimpahla zabathengi ezengeziwe. Konke lokhu kuholela ekukhishweni okukhulu kwezinsiza zemvelo kanye nokwanda kwemfucuza.

Lokhu kubangela ukuthi i-ecosystem igcwale: izindlu, ukukhiqizwa kokudla, kanye nokukhiqizwa kwemfucuza kuyaqina. Imvelo ayilungele ukusekela isidingo esingenamkhawulo sezinsiza; siqeda izinsiza zemvelo, ikakhulukazi lezo... Akuvuseleleki (amafutha ayigugu, amaminerali athile), kanye nokusebenzisa kabi izinsiza ezivuselelekayo (ukudoba, amahlathi, amanzi ahlanzekile). Lokhu kusho ukuthi kuzoba nemiphumela emikhulu esikhathini esizayo: izingxabano ngamanzi nomhlaba, ukufuduka kwemvelo, ukulahlekelwa yizinto eziphilayo ezibalulekile, kanye nokuba sengozini enkulu yezinhlekelele zemvelo. Lapho inani labantu likhulu futhi ukusetshenziswa kakhulu komuntu ngamunye, kulapho ukungcola nokuwohloka kuba kukhulu khona.

Ukuqedwa kwamahlathi

Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kuyinkinga enkulu, njengoba kunciphisa inani lezihlahla ezidingekayo. Njengoba sazi, yibo abanesibopho salokhu. hlanza imvelo ukumunca CO₂Ngaphezu kokukhiqiza umoya-mpilo nokunikeza indawo yokuhlala, ukudla, kanye nokuvikelwa kwezinhlobo eziningi, zilawula nesimo sezulu sendawo kanye nomjikelezo wamanzi.

La ukulahleka kwezihlahla Lezi zibalo ziyethusa kakhulu ezindaweni eziningi zomhlaba. Amahlathi ayagawulwa ukuze kwandiswe izindawo zezolimo nezilwane ezifuywayo, kukhishwe izingodo, noma kwakhiwe ingqalasizinda. Lokhu kusheshisa ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi, kwandisa ingozi yezikhukhula nokudilika komhlaba, kushintsha isimo sezulu esincane, futhi kususe imiphakathi yabantu bomdabu kanye neyasemakhaya ezindaweni zayo. Lokhu kufanele kuncishiswe yimikhankaso yokutshala izihlahla, futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke, ukuphathwa kwamahlathi okusimeme okubeka phambili ukulondolozwa nokubuyiselwa kwezindawo zemvelo.

Enye yezinkinga ezinkulu ezibangela ukugawulwa kwamahlathi ukwakhiwa kwemigwaqo emisha nemigwaqo emikhulu, njengoba ukwakhiwa kwayo kuhilela ukuhlanzwa kwezindawo ezinkulu zamahlathi futhi kwenza kube lula ukungenelela kwabantu emahlathini. Lokhu kwandiswa ukwanda kwezitshalo zezimboni (ubhontshisi, isundu likawoyela, njll.) kanye nokumbiwa kwemigodi evulekile.

Amagesi ayingozi

Kuneziningana amagesi angadala umonakalo omkhulu emvelweni nasempilweni. Ezinye izibonelo yi-carbon dioxide (CO2)₂), i-methane (CH4)₄), i-nitrous oxide (N₂O) kanye ne-ammonia (NH₃Eziningi zazo zihlobene nokushiswa kwamafutha asetshenziswa ezifosini, izimboni, ezolimo ezigxile kakhulu, kanye nokufuywa kwemfuyo.

La magesi ayimbangela umfutho we-greenhouse effect kanye nokufudumala komhlaba, kanye nokuncipha kongqimba lwe-ozone (uma kwenzeka izinto ezifana nama-chlorofluorocarbon noma ama-CFC). Omunye umonakalo obalulekile yimvula ene-asidi: lapho i-sulfur ne-nitrogen oxides kuhlangana nomswakama emoyeni, kwakheka ama-asidi okuthi, lapho ewa, awonakalise amahlathi, amachibi, inhlabathi, izakhiwo, nezikhumbuzo. Lapho inani elikhulu liqongelela phezu kwendawo, lizobulala ngokuphelele izitshalo ezizwelayo futhi lonakalise ukuvunda kwenhlabathi.

Ukuqedwa kwezinsizakusebenza

Ukuwohloka kwemvelo nakho kuyabonakala Ukuqedwa kwemithombo yemveloUma amanzi ahlanzekile enciphile, abantu basebenzisa imithombo ejulile noma ukudluliselwa kwamanzi, futhi kuba nokuthambekela kokusebenzisa amanzi okuphuza ngendlela engalawuleki, okuholela ekunciphiseni umthombo odingekayo.

Isibonelo, ezindaweni eziningi Ingxenye yesithathu yabantu emhlabeni iphila ngamanzi angaphansi kwamalitha angamashumi amathathu ngosukuNakuba izifundo zibonisa ukuthi ezimweni zezivakashi ukusetshenziswa kwesivakashi ngasinye kungadlula kakhulu amakhulu amalitha futhi, ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, Isivakashi esisodwa singasebenzisa amalitha angaphezu kwenkulungwane ngosukuLo mehluko uqokomisa ingcindezi kanye nokusatshalaliswa okungalingani kwensiza.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, sinemililo yamahlathi ebhubhisa umhlaba, izitshalo kanye nezilwane zasendle. Lokhu kuholela ekugawulweni kwamahlathi kanye nokulahlekelwa amandla okulawula amanzi kanye nesimo sezulu. Asikwazi futhi ukukhohlwa ukuzingela izinhlobo ezithile zezilwane, kanye nokudoba ngokweqile, okubangela ukuba imiphakathi eminingi iphele. ukuba sengozini enkulu noma ukushabalala endaweni noma emhlabeni jikeleleUkusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwemithombo yamanzi, inhlabathi evundile, izinhlanzi kanye namahlathi kubeka engcupheni ikhono lezizukulwane ezizayo lokuhlangabezana nezidingo zazo.

Izimoto

Kuyiqiniso ukuthi ngezizathu eziningi kufanele sihambe ngemoto, iloli, isithuthuthu, noma ezinye izindlela ezinenjini. Kodwa futhi kuyiqiniso ukuthi ngezinye izikhathi, ngisho noma kungadingeki ngempela, siyazisebenzisa ukuze kube lula. Lokhu kusho ukuthi lapho sizisebenzisa kakhulu, kulapho sizingcolisa khona kakhulu.

Izinjini zokushisa zangaphakathi zibangela kakhulu ukungcoliswa komoya.Zikhipha i-carbon dioxide, i-carbon monoxide, i-nitrogen oxides, izinto ezincane, kanye namakhemikhali e-volatible organic. Lokhu kungcola kuthinta impilo yokuphefumula kanye neyenhliziyo yabantu, kunegalelo ekushukeni kwe-photochemical emadolobheni, futhi kunegalelo ekufudumaleni komhlaba. Ukuminyana kwasemadolobheni kwenza isimo sibe sibi kakhulu ngokwandisa isikhathi sokusebenza kwezimoto kanye nokukhishwa kwegesi ngekhilomitha ngalinye elihanjwayo.

Ngakho-ke, amasu amaningi ezemvelo agxile ku thuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwenjiniUkukhuthaza ezokuthutha zomphakathi, ukugibela amabhayisikili, ukuhamba ngezinyawo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezimoto zikagesi noma ezikhipha ukungcola okuncane, kanye nokuklama kabusha amadolobha ukuze kuncishiswe isidingo sohambo olude noluvamile.

Iyini imiphumela yokulimala kwemvelo?

Izimbangela ezibalwe ngenhla yilezo ezibangela umonakalo omkhulu emvelweni; sichaza nemiphumela yazo eyinhloko, yize ngokuvamile singaqokomisa okulandelayo: umonakalo omkhulu kakhulu futhi ezidinga izixazululo ezisebenzayo, njengokufudumala komhlaba, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, imiphumela yokuxhashazwa kwenhlabathi, ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi, ukukhiqizwa kwesimo sezulu esincane, imiphumela emibi empilweni yabantu, ukulahlekelwa kwezinto eziphilayo, ukuncipha kongqimba lwe-ozone, ukuwohloka kwezindawo zemvelo zasolwandle kanye nokuguqulwa kwemijikelezo yamanzi nekhabhoni.

1. Ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke

Ukufudumala komhlaba wonke kuwumphumela wokwanda kwamazinga okushisa ajwayelekile eplanethi. Lezi zenzakalo ziye zafundwa eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule futhi zihlobene ngqo nokwanda kwamagesi okushisa emkhathini. Le nqubo inemiphumela emibi kakhulu emvelweni nasemiphakathini yabantu.

Imithelela yenzeka ngezinga elikhulu noma elincane kuye ngokuthi indawo ikuphi, ubuthakathaka emphakathini kanye nokuwohloka kwemvelo kwangaphambilini; kanye nemiphumela yesibili yezinye zezimbangela, njengokugawulwa kwamahlathi okukhulu noma ukufuduka kwamadolobha okungahleliwe.

Lo mphumela uhlanganisa nezenzakalo ezahlukahlukene ezilimaza imvelo, ezingahlukaniswa kanje: imiphumela yemvelo kanye neyomphakathi.

• I-Los imiphumela yezemvelo Zihlanganisa izimo zezulu ezimbi kakhulu (amagagasi okushisa, isomiso esihlala isikhathi eside, iziphepho ezinamandla kakhulu), imiphumela ephezulu njengemililo emikhulu yamahlathi, ukuphakama kwamazinga olwandle kanye nokuguqulwa okujulile kwezinhlelo zemvelo (ukufuduka kwezinhlobo, ukufiphala kwamakhorali, izinguquko emaphethini emvula).
• I-Los imiphumela yomphakathi Zibhekisela ekukhukhuleni kwezifunda ezisogwini, imiphumela kokubili engqalasizinda nasemnothweni jikelele, ukungavikeleki kokudla, ukushoda kwamanzi, ukufuduka kwabantu ngenkani kanye nokwanda kwezingxabano ngezinsizakusebenza.

Ukufudumala komhlaba kukodwa kuwumphumela omubi kakhulu okumele uxazululwe ngokushesha okukhulu, njengoba kubangela umonakalo omkhulu othinta inani labantu emhlabeni, ezinhlotsheni zezitshalo nezilwane kanye nakuzo zonke izimiso zemvelo Ngokuvamile. Ukunciphisa lokhu kufudumala kudinga izinguquko ezinkulu ezinhlelweni zamandla, ezokuthutha, ukukhiqizwa kokudla, kanye nokusetshenziswa komhlaba.

1.1. Eminye imiphumela yemvelo noma imiphumela

a) Ukuqedwa kwamahlathi

Okwaziwa nangokuthi “ukugawula izihlahla”, ukugawula amahlathi ngokuvamile kubhekisela kunoma yisiphi isenzo esenziwa abantu esikhiqiza ukubhujiswa kwehlathi; okuvame ukuba umphumela wokugawula imithi ukuze kwakhiwe izindawo ngezinhloso ezahlukene (ezolimo, imfuyo, ukukhuliswa kwamadolobha, amaphrojekthi ezimayini noma ingqalasizinda).

Umonakalo omkhulu okhiqiziwe yi- ukuguguleka kwenhlabathiLokhu kungenza indawo ingakhiqizi futhi kuneminye imiphumela eminingi: izinhlobo zezilwane ezisengozini yokuqothulwa, ukuguqulwa kwendawo yokuhlala, ukufuduka kwabantu abathile, izinguquko emaphethini emvula, kanye nokwanda kokuchayeka ezikhukhuleni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lesi simo sinegalelo ekwandiseni ukufudumala komhlaba, njengoba izihlahla zinamandla okumunca amagesi ayingozi nanobuthi alimaza umkhathi futhi agcine ikhabhoni ku-biomass yazo nasenhlabathini.

b) Ukuphela kwemithombo yemvelo

Imithombo yemvelo ayinqunyelwe, ngakho-ke ukusetshenziswa kwayo kumele kulawulwe ukuze kugwenywe izinkinga esikhathini esizayo; yize umqondo oyinhloko kungaba ukwenza abantu bazivumelanise ne- ukucabanga okunengqondo kanye nemodeli yezomnotho ejikelezayo okunciphisa, okusebenzisa kabusha, kanye nokuvuselela kabusha.

Ingxenye enkulu yabantu emhlabeni iphila ngamanzi ahlanzekile alinganiselwe kakhulu, kanti abanye basebenzisa amanzi amaningi emisebenzini yansuku zonke, ezokuvakasha, noma ezimbonini. Ngakho-ke, Amanzi angenye yezinsizakusebenza ezithinteke kakhulu futhi inezibalo ezesabekayo ngempela ezindaweni eziningi: izikhukhula zamanzi ezisetshenziswa ngokweqile, imifula engcolisiwe, izindawo ezimanzi ezomile kanye nemiphakathi engenawo amanzi okuphuza aphephile.

1.2. Imiphumela ehlukahlukene yomphakathi noma imiphumela

a) Ingqalasizinda

Ingqalasizinda ngokuvamile ithintwa yizimbangela ezahlukahlukene ezihlobene nokuwohloka kwemvelo. Isibonelo, izikhukhula ezibangelwa yizinto zemvelo ezifana nama-tsunami, iziphepho, neziphepho, iziphepho ezinamandla ezihambisana nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, noma ukuphakama kwamazinga olwandle kungenza ukubhubhisa imigwaqo, amabhuloho, amakhaya, ugesi kanye nenethiwekhi yokuhlanzeka.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusabalala kwamadolobha okungalawuleki ezindaweni ezivame ukuba nezikhukhula, izintaba ezingazinzile, noma izindawo ezisogwini ezisengozini kwandisa ingozi yomonakalo ngesikhathi sezehlakalo ezimbi kakhulu. Ukuntuleka kokuhlela indawo kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali engqalasizinda eqinile kwandisa umthelela wezenhlalo kanye nowezomnotho walezi zinhlekelele.

b) Umnotho

Umnotho uphinde uthintwe kakhulu yinani lemali esetshenziswayo ukulungisa umonakalo bese uthola izixazululo ngalezi zinkinga, njengemikhankaso yokuvimbela, ingqalasizinda yokuvikela, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, ukuvikelwa kwezinhlobo ezisengozini yokuqothulwa, ukuvuselelwa kwamahlathi noma ukwakhiwa kabusha kwamadolobha athintekile.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuwohloka kwemvelo kunciphisa umkhiqizo wezolimo, ukudoba, kanye namahlathi, okuthinta izigidi zemisebenzi kanye nokuvikeleka kokudla. Kunganciphisa futhi ukukhanga kwezivakashi kwezifunda eziningi, kudale ukungaqiniseki kwemakethe, futhi kuphoqe ukuqondiswa kabusha kokutshalwa kwezimali. Ekugcineni, izindleko zokungenzi lutho zinkulu kakhulu kunezo zokuthatha ukushintshela kumodeli yokuthuthukiswa kwekhabhoni ephansi ehlonipha imingcele yamaplanethi.

2. Imiphumela emibi yezempilo

Impilo yabantu kanye nempilo yezinhlobo eziningi zezilwane ithintwa ukuwohloka kwemvelo ngenxa yezimbangela ezahlukahlukene, kodwa lezi zibalo ziyethusa ngempela. Ikhwalithi yokuphila kwabantu ingancishiswa kakhulu ukuphuza amanzi angcolileUkuphefumula umoya ogcwele izinto eziyingozi, ukudla ukudla okunezinsalela ezinobuthi, noma ukuhlala ezindaweni ezinomsindo nokucindezeleka okuphezulu.

I-Las izifo ezibangelwa ukungcola jikelele Lokhu kufaka phakathi izinkinga zokuphefumula (isifuba somoya, i-bronchitis engapheli, umdlavuza wamaphaphu) kanye nezifo zenhliziyo, ukuphazamiseka kwemizwa, izinkinga zamahomoni, kanye nokutheleleka kwamathumbu. Endabeni yokungcoliswa kwamanzi kuphela, izifundo ezahlukahlukene zilinganisela Ukufa kwabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezi-5 kanye nezifo eziningi minyaka yonke, okuthinta kakhulu izingane kanye nabantu abasengozini.

Okungeziwe kulokhu yimithelela yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu empilweni: amaza okushisa abulalayo, ukusabalala kwezifo ezithwalwa yizinambuzane (njenge-dengue noma i-malaria) ezindaweni ezintsha, ukungaqiniseki kokudla okuholela ekungondleki kahle, kanye nokwanda kwezinkinga zempilo yengqondo ezihlobene nezinhlekelele zemvelo kanye nokulahlekelwa yindlela yokuphila.

3. Izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zizolahleka

Izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kusho iqoqo lezindawo zemvelo kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezakha uMhlaba: izinhlobo zezilwane, izitshalo, isikhunta kanye nezinambuzane ezincane, kanye nokuhlukahluka kwezakhi zofuzo ngaphakathi kohlobo ngalunye kanye nokuhlukahluka kwezindawo zemvelo ezihlala kuzo.

Konke lokhu kuceba akusikho okusha; kuwumphumela wezigidi zeminyaka yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Akunakulahleka ngobusuku obubodwa ngaphandle kokubangela ukungalingani okukhulu. Ukuhlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo kubalulekile ekugcineni ibhalansi yesimiso sezinto eziphilayo: kusekela imijikelezo yamanzi, ikhabhoni, kanye nezakhamzimba, kukhuthaza impova ezitshalweni, kulawula izinambuzane, kuvikela inhlabathi, futhi kuhlinzeka ngezinsiza ezingenakubalwa (ukudla, imithi, ifayibha, njll.).

Kodwa-ke, ukubhujiswa kwezindawo zokuhlala, ukungcola, ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile, kanye nezinhlobo ezihlaselayo kubangela ukulahleka okushesha kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayoIzinhlobo eziningi sezivele zishabalele, futhi iphesenti elikhulu lezinhlobo ezaziwayo lisengozini. Lokhu kulahlekelwa kunciphisa ukuqina kwezindawo zemvelo kanye nekhono lethu lokuzivumelanisa noshintsho.

4. Ungqimba lwe-ozone nezimbobo zalo

Ungqimba lwe-ozone luyisifunda se-stratosphere esiqukethe ukugcwala okuphezulu kwe-ozone (O₂).₃) futhi lokho kubaluleke kakhulu ngoba Ivikela uMhlaba emisebeni eminingi eyingozi ye-ultraviolet. okuvela eLangeni. Ngaphandle kwalolu ngqimba, impilo njengoba siyazi ibiyoba nzima kakhulu noma ingenzeki nhlobo.

Sekungamashumi eminyaka ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezifana nama-chlorofluorocarbon (ama-CFC) eziqandisini, kuma-aerosol, nakwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza kwaholela ukunciphisa ungqimba lwe-ozone kanye nokwakheka "kwezimbobo" zesizini, ikakhulukazi phezu kwe-Antarctica. Lokhu kwandisa inani lemisebe ye-ultraviolet efinyelela phezulu, okwandisa ingozi yomdlavuza wesikhumba, ama-cataract, kanye nomonakalo ezindaweni zemvelo zasolwandle nezasemhlabeni.

Ngenxa yezivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe ezifana neMontreal Protocol kanye nokususwa kwalezi zinto, ungqimba lwe-ozone lubonisa izimpawu zokululama, isibonelo sendlela isenzo esihlanganisiwe esingabuyisela ngayo emuva umonakalo othile. Kodwa-ke, kusadingeka ukuqapha nokuvimbela ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali angaqhubeka nokulimaza.

5. Izinguzunga zeqhwa ezithanda ukuncibilika

Ukufudumala komhlaba wonke kwenze ukuncibilika kweqhwa kwaba ngomunye wemiphumela ebonakala kakhulu futhi eshesha kakhulu yokuwohloka kwemvelo. isomiso esinzima kakhulu kwezinye izindawo kanye nokuncipha kweqhwa ezintabeni eziningi; iqhwa neqhwa kuyancibilika kusenesikhathi kakhulu kunokujwayelekile futhi ngesivinini esisheshayo.

Lokhu kwenza ukuphakama kwezinga lolwandle futhi kungabangela izikhukhula ezindaweni ezithile ezisogwini, ukugcwala kukasawoti emanzini angaphansi kolwandle, kanye nemiphumela emifuleni i-delta kanye ne-mangrove. Ukulahlekelwa yiqhwa kuthinta nezigidi zabantu abathembele emanzini ancibilikayo ngezikhathi ezithile ukuze bathole amanzi ahlanzekile, ukunisela, kanye nokukhiqizwa kwamandla kagesi ngamanzi.

Ukushintsha kwezimo zokushisa nomswakama kungaholela ezilokazaneni, ukwanda kwezinambuzane ezithwala izifo, izinguquko ezinkathini zezolimo, kanye nokuvela kwezifo ezintsha ezindaweni lapho zazingekho khona ngaphambili.

6. Ezokuvakasha zizokwehla

Mhlawumbe yi- imiphumela eseceleniKodwa kubalulekile futhi ukusho lokhu. Uma izindawo eziluhlaza, amabhishi ahlanzekile, ama-coral reef, ama-glacier, kanye nezinye zezindawo ezinhle kakhulu emhlabeni zilahleka, kusobala ukuthi izivakashi eziningi zizocabanga kabili ngaphambi kokuya kulezo zindawo.

Cabanga nje ngezindawo eziluhlaza ezingatheni, ezinemifula engcolisiwe, ugu olugugile, kanye nezinqwaba zemfucuza. Lokhu akuthinti nje kuphela ulwazi lokuhamba kodwa futhi kusho ukuthi ukulahleka kwezomnotho emiphakathini ethembele kwezokuvakasha njengomthombo wayo oyinhloko wemali engenayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuvakasha okungalawulwa okukhulu nakho kungabangela ukuwohloka kwemvelo, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuqondisa lo mkhakha endleleni yokuvakasha eqhubekayo evikela lokho okwenza kube kuhle.

Iminikelo noma izixazululo zokugwema ukonakala kwemvelo

Ngokuqinisekile, okwamanje kuneminikelo eminingi eyenziwe yizinhlangano, izinhlangano eziyisisekelo, izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe, izinkampani, izikhungo zemfundo kanye nezinhlangano zezakhamuzi. silwe nokonakala kwemveloKodwa-ke, ngenxa yobucayi besimo, kudingeka izixazululo eziningi ezengeziwe futhi kumele zisetshenziswe njalo uma sifuna imiphumela ephumelelayo.

Umgomo uwukukhulisa ulwazi phakathi kwezakhamuzi ezivamile ezihlala emadolobheni nasemadolobheni, kanye nabanikazi bamabhizinisi, abakhiqizi, abezombusazwe, othisha, kanye nabanye abathintekayo, ukuthi imvelo idinga ukunakekelwa kahle. Ngakho-ke, kuye ngendawo ethile, kuzoba nezixazululo ezahlukahlukene zokuvimbela, ukunciphisa, noma ukuvimba ukuwohloka kwemvelo.

Izixazululo emphakathini

Ngokwezenhlalo, wonke umuntu angafaka isandla imikhuba yansuku zonke eqhubekayoEzinye izenzo ezithile yilezi:

• Sebenzisa amandla ngokuhlakanipha: cisha izibani nezinto zikagesi uma zingasetshenziswa, lungisa izinga lokushisa lomoya opholile, sebenzisa ukukhanya kwemvelo, bese ukhetha izinto zikagesi ezisebenzisa amandla ngendlela eyongayo.
• Gcina ompompi bevaliwe futhi ungavumeli amanzi ageleze ngokungadingekile, lungisa ukuvuza bese usebenzisa amadivayisi okonga amanzi.
• Sebenzisa ama-LED asebenzisa amandla amaningi, ahlala isikhathi eside futhi asebenzisa amandla amancane.
• Gcina izimoto zisesimweni esihle ukuze kuncishiswe ukukhishwa kwegesi noma khetha izimoto zikagesi, ezixubile noma ezikhipha ukungcola okuphansi; uma kungenzeka, khetha ezokuthutha zomphakathi, ukugibela ibhayisikili noma ukuhamba ngezinyawo.
• Gwema ukusebenzisa amapulasitiki asetshenziswa kanye nje njengezikhwama, amabhodlela, noma utshani; zishintshe nge ezinye izindlela ezingasebenziseka njengezikhwama zendwangu, ama-canteen, kanye nezitsha eziqinile.
• Phinda usebenzise futhi uhlele kahle imfucuza, uhlukanise imfucuza yezinto eziphilayo, ukupakishwa, iphepha, ingilazi, kanye nemfucuza ekhethekile njengamabhethri, amadivayisi kagesi, noma imithi.
• Gcina izindawo zomphakathi nezemvelo zihlanzekile ngokungalahli udoti noma izinqe zikagwayi emabhishi, ezintabeni, emifuleni noma emigwaqweni.
• Nciphisa ukusetshenziswa okungadingekile bese ukhetha indlela yokuphila elula, ngezinto ezimbalwa kodwa ezisezingeni eliphezulu futhi ezihlala isikhathi eside.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, i ezemvelo Ezikoleni, emindenini, nakwabezindaba, kubalulekile ukuthi le mikhuba ibe yingxenye yesiko lansuku zonke hhayi izinto ezingavamile.

Iminikelo yezepolitiki

Abezombusazwe kanye nezinhlangano ezinesibopho sokulondolozwa kwemvelo kumele zidale futhi ziqalise Imithetho nemigomo yezemvelo esebenzayo eziqondisa umsebenzi wezomnotho nowezenhlalo ekuqhubekeni kwesikhathi. Ezinye zezinyathelo ezibalulekile zifaka:

• Ukulawula imisebenzi yezimboni, yezolimo, yemfuyo, yokukhipha izimpahla kanye neyentuthuko yasemadolobheni ngokuhlola okuqinile komthelela wemvelo.
• Misa imikhawulo yokukhishwa komoya ongcolile kanye namagesi okushisa, kanye nezindinganiso zekhwalithi yomoya, amanzi kanye nomhlabathi.
• Sebenzisa izinhlelo izinhlawulo kanye nezikhuthazo: ukujezisa ukungcola kanye nokuvuza imikhuba enesibopho ngezinzuzo zentela, izibonelelo noma ukuqashelwa komphakathi.
• Vikela izindawo zemvelo ezibalulekile ngokudala amapaki kazwelonke, izindawo zokugcina izilwane zasolwandle, kanye nemizila yezinto eziphilayo evumela ukulondolozwa kwezindawo zemvelo kanye nezinhlobo ezisengozini.
• Khuthaza izinhlelo zokuzivumelanisa nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu ukuze kuncishiswe ubungozi bamadolobha, ingqalasizinda kanye nemikhakha ekhiqizayo.
• Khuthaza umnotho ojikelezayo kanye nokusungula izinto ezintsha kwezobuchwepheshe obuhlanzekile ngokusebenzisa izinqubomgomo zokuthengwa komphakathi eziluhlaza kanye nokusekela ucwaningo.

Ukubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe nakho kubalulekile, njengoba kunjalo ngezinkinga eziningi zemvelo (njengokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukungcola kolwandle, noma ukulahlekelwa kwezinto eziphilayo) ukudlula imingcele kazwelonke futhi kudinga izivumelwano zomhlaba wonke.

Izixazululo zebhizinisi nezimboni

Abanikazi bamabhizinisi nabakhiqizi, ngaphezu kokuthobela imithetho nezivumelwano eziphathelene nokulawulwa nokugcinwa kwemvelo, kumele futhi babambisane ku thola izixazululo ezibavumela ukunciphisa ukungcola kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinsizakusebenza. Eminye imigqa yesenzo yile:

• Sebenzisa izinhlelo zokuphathwa kwemvelo eziqinisekisiwe (njenge-ISO 14001) ezihlanganisa izinhloso, izinkomba, kanye nokuhlolwa okwenziwa njalo.
• Nciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla namanzi ngokusebenzisa intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, ukulungiswa kokuvimbela, kanye nezinguquko ezinqubweni zokukhiqiza.
• Nciphisa ukukhiqizwa kwemfucuza ngokugxila ekuklanyweni kwemvelo, ukusetshenziswa kabusha kwezinto ngaphakathi, kanye nokusetshenziswa kabusha.
• Ukushintsha izinto zokusetshenziswa eziyingozi ngezinye izindlela eziphephile nezihlala isikhathi eside, ngaleyo ndlela kuncishiswe izingozi ezinobuthi.
• Tshala imali emandleni avuselelekayo (ilanga, umoya, i-biomass) ukuze umboze ingxenye noma yonke ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kwezikhungo.
• Khuthaza izindlela zemvelo phakathi kwabaphakeli bayo namakhasimende, okudala izintambo zenani ezinomthwalo wemfanelo kakhudlwana.

Lezi yizibonelo ezimbalwa nje zezixazululo ezisebenzayo nezisebenzayo, kodwa naphezu kokusetshenziswa kwazo kwamanje, ukuwohloka kwemvelo kuyaqhubeka nokwanda. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukufaka isandla ku- ukusabalalisa ulwazi ngokusebenzisa imithombo yezindaba eyahlukene kanye nemfundo esemthethweni nengahlelekile ukuze kudonswe ukunaka kwabantu futhi kuguqulwe lolu lwazi lube ukufunda okuguqulela ekubeni isenzo.

Uma uthanda imvelo, ungaphuthelwa yilezi amabinzana ukunakekela imveloUngabelana ngazo ezinkundleni zakho zokuxhumana futhi uphakamise ulwazi phakathi kwalabo abakuzungezile ngokuthi kubaluleke kangakanani kithi ukunakekela iplanethi esiphila kuyo. Ukuqonda izimbangela, imiphumela, kanye nezixazululo zokuwohloka kwemvelo kuyisinyathelo esibalulekile ekushintsheni kusukela ekukhathazekeni kuya ekuzibophezeleni okusebenzayo, nasekuboniseni ukuthi enye indlela yokuxhumana noMhlaba ayigcini nje ngokuba khona, kodwa iyadingeka.