Kuwo wonke umlando, abacabangi abakhulu baye bathonya indlela abantu ababa ngayo, abacabanga ngayo, kanye nendlela abenza ngayo izinto, kusukela empucukweni yasendulo kuze kube namuhla. Ukuvela kwengqondo namasiko kwesintu kuye kwazuza kakhulu kwifilosofi, lesi sifundo esihle esithanda ukuhlakanipha futhi sifunde isintu, iqiniso, nolwazi oluvela emibonweni eyahlukahlukene enengqondo neyobuhle.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ifilosofi inikeze ulwazi ngamathuluzi ayisihluthulelo okuliqonda , ukulibuza, nokulihlela: imiqondo, izindlela zokuzindla, kanye nezindinganiso zeqiniso nokuba semthethweni. Ngakho-ke, sinikezela lesi sihloko ngqo olwazini lwefilosofi : ukuthi luyini, ukuthi luyini iminikelo oluyenzile emphakathini, ukuthi yiziphi izakhi kanye nezici zalo , yiziphi izinhlobo ezikhona, nokuthi iyiphi indlela engcono kakhulu yokuluqonda ngaphandle kokuluhlambalaza noma ukuludida nezinye izinhlobo zolwazi.
Uyini ifilosofi?
Ake siqale ngokuchaza umqondo wefilosofi ngokuyinhloko njengothando lokuhlakanipha . Kusukela yasungulwa ngesiGreki, ifilosofi ibilokhu icatshangwa njengokufuna okunengqondo nokucabangayo okuhlose ukuqonda izici ezijulile zeqiniso nokuphila komuntu.
Kuyisifundo esihlola izinkinga eziyisisekelo ezihlobene nabantu kanye nezimo zabo: siphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nokuziphatha (okulungile nokungalungile), ubuhle , ukuba khona , ulwazi , ingqondo , ulimi , umphakathi kanye nezombusazwe , phakathi kwezinye izihloko eziningi.
Ekuhloleni lezi zindaba, ifilosofi ihlukile ebumfihlweni obungokomoya kuphela , njengoba igcizelela izingxenye ezinengqondo neziphikisanayo ezisivumela ukuba sihlaziye, sibuze imibuzo, futhi siqinisekise izinkolelo zethu. Ayilahli uhlangothi olungokomoya, kodwa kunalokho ilubeka ekuhlolweni okubucayi kwesizathu.
Izifundo zefilosofi azinciki kuphela kokuhlangenwe nakho okusheshayo; ulwazi luhlala lutholakala ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene ezifana nokuqagela okunengqondo , ukuzindla okuhlelekile, ingxoxo ebucayi, kanye nokuhlaziywa komqondo. Ukuqagela kwefilosofi kufunda izakhi ezihilela i-priori (ngaphambi noma ngale kokuhlangenwe nakho) ukuze kuphakanyiswe iziphetho mayelana nezici ezichaza into, umqondo, noma indlela yokuphila.
Kodwa-ke, akuvamile ukuba nesiphetho esiqondile esivala umnyango wemibuzo unomphela. Ukuceba okungenamkhawulo kanye nekhono lomuntu wefilosofi lokubuza ngobukhona bakhe kuhlale kumvumela ukuthi adlulele ngale kolwazi aluthole ngaphambilini. Yingakho ifilosofi nayo iyisifundo somlando, esivulekile, nesibuyekezwayo : ixhumana nesikhathi esidlule, ibhekane nesikhathi samanje, futhi iveze amathuba amasha okuqonda.
Isazi sefilosofi singaba usosayensi, isazi semfundiso yenkolo, isazi sezombusazwe, umfundisi, umculi, noma isakhamuzi esivamile; okumchazayo akuwona umsebenzi wakhe, kodwa ikhono lakhe lokuqonda, ukubuza imibuzo, nokuxazulula izinkinga empilweni. Nomaphi lapho umuntu ebuza khona ngokucacile incazelo yezenzo zakhe, iqiniso lezinkolelo zakhe, noma ubulungiswa bokwamukelwa kwakhe, ngezinga elithile, uhlanganyela emcabangweni wefilosofi.
Luyini ulwazi?
Ngaphambi kokuxoxa ngolwazi lwefilosofi, kumele sicacise ukuthi sisho ukuthini ngolwazi . Leli gama linezincazelo eziningi ezihlobene, kodwa azincishiswa zibe yinye kuphela. Lingabhekisela, isibonelo, ekuqondeni komuntu , ekuhlakanipheni , esenzweni sokuthola ulwazi , noma emzimbeni wolwazi oluhlelekile oluphethwe ngumuntu noma umphakathi.
Konke kuzoncika esimweni semfundiso esamukelwe mayelana naleli gama kanye nokusetshenziswa kwalo emkhakheni ngamunye wokutadisha. Kwisayensi, ulwazi lusho izincazelo ezingaqinisekiswa zezehlakalo zemvelo noma zenhlalo; empilweni yansuku zonke, kungasho ukujwayelana okusebenzayo nezimo ezithile noma amakhono; kwifilosofi, luyinto yokucatshangelwa ngokwalo.
Ngamafuphi, leli gama lingaqondwa ngezindlela eziningi ezihambisanayo ukuze kugwenywe ukukhawulela ukufunda kokuba khona. Uma ulwazi luhlotshaniswa nokuqaphela , lungaqondwa njengolwazi kanye nokujwayelana komuntu maqondana nendawo yonke kanye naye ngokwakhe. Uma kuhlobene nokucabanga , kungachazwa njengeqoqo lemibono, imibono, kanye nezimpikiswano ezithuthukiswe endaweni ethile, njengesayensi, ukuziphatha, noma umthetho.
Namuhla, siphinde sahlukanise phakathi kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zolwazi: ulwazi oluvela kokuhlangenwe nakho, ulwazi lwesayensi (olusekelwe endleleni yesayensi), ulwazi oluqondakala kalula (olusheshayo futhi olungacaciswanga ngokucacile), ulwazi lwenkolo (olusekelwe okholweni), kanye nolwazi lwefilosofi (olusekelwe ekucabangeni okubucayi). Ngayinye inikeza umbono ohlukile ngeqiniso futhi iphendula imibuzo ehlukene.
Ngakho-ke, kuvumelekile ukuba nemibono ehlukene echazwe ngenhla ehlobene nomqondo wolwazi ngokwalo, uma nje siqaphela ububanzi kanye nokulinganiselwa kwayo . Ngempela, omunye wemisebenzi yefilosofi ukucacisa lokho esingakwazi, kanjani, nokuthi kungakanani.
Kusho ukuthini ulwazi lwefilosofi?
Ulwazi lwefilosofi luqondwa njengeqoqo lolwazi olutholakala ngokusebenzisa ifilosofi: okungukuthi, ngokubuka ngokucophelela , ukufunda , ukutadisha , ucwaningo olunengqondo kanye nokuhlaziywa okubucayi kweqiniso, olunye ulwazi kanye nemibono yethu.
Ngalo mqondo, ulwazi lwefilosofi luphathelene nakho konke okuphathelene nabantu, ngokusekelwe ekuziphatheni kwabo, emcabangweni, olimini, ezinkolelweni zabo, kanye nasezinhlotsheni zenhlangano . Aluchazi nje iqiniso, kodwa luzama ukuqonda izisekelo zalo , izimbangela zalo zokugcina, incazelo yalo, kanye nenani lalo empilweni yomuntu.
Ukuhlaziya nokugxeka kuyizinto eziyinhloko isazi sefilosofi esinazo ukuze sifinyelele olwazini olunjalo. Ukuhlaziya kuvumela umuntu ukuthi ahlukanise inkinga ibe izingxenye zayo ukuze abone ukuthi iyini; ukugxeka kuhlola ubuqiniso bezimpikiswano , ukuvumelana kwemibono, kanye nokuphikisana okungenzeka ngaphakathi kwenkulumo.
Ukuze kutholakale amaphutha ekuziphatheni noma ezinkolelweni eziba yizici eziyinkinga zobuntu, ukuhlaziywa kwefilosofi kubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni inkulumo , kwenze kube sobala, kuhambisane kakhudlwana, futhi kube qotho kakhudlwana. Ukugxekwa kuvula indlela yokusikisela izixazululo ezintsha ezihlanganisa iqembu futhi zibhekane nezinkinga zalo zokuziphatha, zezombusazwe, zesayensi, noma zamasiko.
Uma lolu lwazi lugxile ngqo ekubuzeni ulwazi ngokwalo (imithombo yalo, imikhawulo yalo, izizathu zalo), sikhuluma nge -epistemology noma inkolelo-mbono yolwazi. Kodwa ulwazi lwefilosofi luphinde lufinyelele kuzo zonke izigaba zefilosofi : i-metaphysics, ukuziphatha, ubuhle, i-logic, ifilosofi yolimi, ifilosofi yezombusazwe, ifilosofi yengqondo, phakathi kwezinye. Kuzo zonke izimo, lugcina isici esifanayo: lusekelwe ekucabangeni, empikiswaneni, nasekucabangeni okubucayi.
Izinto eziyinhloko zolwazi lwefilosofi
Ngaphezu kwezinhlobo zalo, ulwazi lwefilosofi lwakhiwe uchungechunge lwezinto eziyisisekelo ezihilelekile kuzo zonke izenzo zokwazi:
- Isihloko: yiyona umuntu obonakalisaCabanga noma uphenye. Ungaba isazi sefilosofi esichwepheshile, usosayensi, umfundi, noma yimuphi umuntu obuza into ethile ngokujulile.
- Into: Yilokho umuntu akucabangayo: a umqondo, iqiniso, inqubo yokuziphatha, inkolelo-mbono, okuhlangenwe nakhoYilokho umuntu ozama ukukuqonda.
- Ukusebenza kwengqondo: ihlanganisa izinqubo zengqondo Imisebenzi ehilelekile ekwazini: ukuhlaziya, ukuqhathanisa, ukufingqa, ukuphetha, ukuhlanganisa, kanye nokugxeka. Lena yimisebenzi umuntu ayisebenzisayo ngobuhlakani ukusondela entweni.
- Umcabango noma umphumela: yiyona Umkhiqizo wokugcina Kusukela ekucabangeni: umqondo, incazelo, i-thesis, ithiyori, impikiswano, noma ngisho nohlelo oluphelele lwefilosofi. Lo mphumela ungaguqulwa ube into yolwazi olushangaleyo ndlela ukondla inqubo eqhubekayo.
Ukuqonda lezi zinto kusisiza sibone ukuthi ulwazi lwefilosofi aluyona into engabonakali ehlukanisiwe nokuphila, kodwa inqubo eqondile lapho umuntu wangempela, ohlala esikhathini nasemasikweni, ecabanga ngokujulile ngento ebalulekile kuye.
Izinhlobo zolwazi lwefilosofi
Ngaphakathi kolwazi lwefilosofi, singahlukanisa izinhlobo noma izindlela ezahlukene , ngokuya ngemvelaphi yazo, indlela, kanye nensimu ezisetshenziswa kuyo. Ezinye zalezi, esezishiwo kakade embhalweni wokuqala, zingacebiswa ngezinto ezibalulekile:
- Ulwazi lwezobuciko: Kusekelwe ku- okuhlangenwe nakho komuntu siqu ezidala ulwazi, kuye ngokuthi umuntu uzibona kanjani kanye namakhono okufunda omuntu ngamunye. Ukufunda ukuthuthukisa amakhono anjengokubhala, ukufunda, ulimi olusha, ukwazi imibala, izinhlamvu nezinombolo, kanye nokukwazi ukubiza amagama ezinto ezahlukene zemvelo kungokwelwazi oluqanjiwe. Uma lolu hlobo lolwazi lufakwa ngaphansi ukuzindla kwefilosofi (isibonelo, ngokuzibuza ukuthi yini ekhawulela lokho esingakubona noma ukuthi iyiphi indima edlalwa yisipiliyoni ekwakhiweni kwemibono), iba yi- uhlobo lolwazi lwefilosofi olusekelwe emibonweni.
- Ulwazi lwezenkolo: kubhekiswa ku- abantu abanakho Ukubhekana nezimo ezahlukahlukene ezingenayo incazelo eqinisekile, futhi ezibhekwa ngokombono wokholo nokwambulwa, ukudalwa kwendawo yonke, ukuba khona kweMiyalo Eyishumi, izimangaliso ezichazwe eBhayibhelini, kanye nokuphila kukaJesu kuyizibonelo. Lapho ifilosofi ihlaziya ngokunengqondo lezi zinkolelo, izisekelo zazo, kanye nemiphumela yazo, idala i- ulwazi lwefilosofi kanye nezenkolo.
- Ulwazi lwesayensi: isekelwe ku ubufakazi obungaqinisekiswa okuqinisekisa noma okuphikisana nezinkolelo-mbono kusetshenziswa indlela yesayensi. Imibono efana ne-Big Bang, umthetho wamandla adonsela phansi, inkolelo-mbono kaDarwin yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, kanye ne-heliocentrism iyimikhiqizo yalolu lwazi. Ifilosofi ifunda ukuthi lolu hlobo lolwazi luqinisekiswa kanjani, luqinisekiswa kanjani, noma lunqunyelwe kanjani, okwenza kube khona... ulwazi lwefilosofi nesayensi, ehlaziya izindlela, ulimi, kanye nobubanzi besayensi.
- Ukuqonda okunembile: ihlobene ne- ukuqonda abantu abanakho ukuthola izici ezikhona endaweni abakuyo kanye nobudlelwano babo. Ukuqaphela izimo zomuntu ezahlukene, ukuhumusha ulimi lomzimba, kanye nokuqaphela imizwa yabanye kuyizibonelo. Ifilosofi ihlola ukuthi kuyini ukuqonda, ukuthi kungaba okuthembekile nini, nokuthi kuhambisana kanjani noma kuphikise ukucabanga, okudala ulwazi lwefilosofi oluqondakala kalula.
- Ulwazi lomuntu siqu lwefilosofi (noma ulwazi oluhlanzekile lwefilosofi/lwe-epistemological): Ukuzazi ngokwakho kuyinto ithuluzi eliyisihluthulelo ngokuvela kwesintu. Ezingeni elingokomoya nelokuphila, inikeza izinzuzo kubantu ngokubasiza baphendule imibuzo efana nokuthi ngingubani mina, Iyini incazelo yempilo yami? o kufanele ngiphile kanjaniKuhlobene ngqo ne- ukuhlakanipha kanye nesidingo sokuqonda izinto ezahlukahlukene ezenzekayo ezisizungezile: imvelaphi yezinhlobo, isakhiwo somphakathi, uhlobo lwengqondo, njll. Uma lokhu kuzazi kugxile ekuhlaziyeni ukuthi sazi kanjani, ukuthi umqondo uyini, ukuthi yini eqinisekisa inkolelo ethile, sikhuluma nge-epistemology noma ulwazi lwefilosofi lolwazi ngokwalo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, abanye ababhali bahlukanisa phakathi kwezinhlobo zolwazi lwefilosofi eziqondile nezizimele . Kowokuqala, kukholelwa ukuthi into inquma ukuthi yini engaziwa ngayo (njengasembonweni kaPlato wamaFomu). Kowokugcina, kubhekwa ukuthi isihloko sichaza indlela into eyethulwa ngayo kithi (njengasembonweni kaKant wolwazi). Zombili lezi zindlela zithuthukisa ukuqonda kwethu ukuthi ulwazi lwefilosofi lwakhiwa kanjani.
Izici zolwazi lwefilosofi
Uhlobo ngalunye lolwazi lwefilosofi lunesici esifanayo: isidingo sokuthola ukuhlakanipha ngokucabanga, ukuzindla, kanye nengxoxo ebucayi. Ngokungafani nezinye izinhlobo zolwazi ezingase zikhawulelwe ekuchazeni amaqiniso, ulwazi lwefilosofi lufuna ukuqonda incazelo yawo, izimbangela, imikhawulo, kanye nemiphumela yawo.
Siyaqonda ukuthi ukuhlakanipha kuyikho konke okwakha ubuhlakani obusekelwe kokuhlangenwe nakho komuntu siqu kanye nokufunda okutholwe ngokuzindla. Ukuhlakanipha akukhona nje ukuqoqa amaqiniso, kodwa ukwazi ukuqonda, ukwazisa, nokuqondisa impilo yomuntu ngokusekelwe kulokho akwaziyo. Ukuze sihlukanise phakathi kokuhle nokubi, noma phakathi kwezinkolelo ezifanele kanye nobandlululo olungenasisekelo, ukuhlakanipha kusiholela esimweni sokuzindla lapho singanquma khona ukuthi yini ezuzisayo noma elimazayo kithi, noma simane sijabulele injabulo yokuqonda.
Yingakho ukuhlakanipha kuyisici esiba yingxenye ebalulekile yolwazi lwefilosofi kanye nokusetshenziswa kwalo empilweni yansuku zonke yomuntu. Akuhlali kuyinkolelo-mbono engaqondakali, kodwa kunalokho kuhlose ukuguqula indlela yethu yokubona umhlaba kanye nokuxhumana nabanye.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kunezici eziningana ezihlukanisa ulwazi lwefilosofi kwezinye izinhlobo zolwazi, ikakhulukazi ulwazi lwesayensi. Silandela u-Aristotle kanye nabacabangi abaningi bakamuva, singaqokomisa eziningana:
- Kunengqondo: isekelwe ku ukucabanga kanye nempikiswanoNakuba kungase kuqale ngokuhlangenwe nakho, imizwa, noma ukuqonda, kodwa kubabeka ngaphansi kwethonya ukucabanga okubucayi ukuzihlaziya. Ukuzithethelela kwayo akunawo umoya-mpilo kuphela: ifuna ukuqinisekisa ukuthi iziphetho zilandela izimpikiswano, hhayi imizwa kuphela.
- Okubalulekile: sebenzisa i- umqondo obucayi ukuhlola imibono, ukubona ukuphikisana, amaphutha, noma ukucabanga okufihliwe. Akwamukeli izinkolelo ngaphandle kokuzihlola; kuze kubukezwe neziphetho zayo. Lesi simo sengqondo sokugxeka sivumela ulwazi lwefilosofi ukuthi ukuzilungisa futhi ilungiswa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
- Ukuhlaziya: igxila izihloko ezithile ukukwazi ukuchaza imiqondo nemibono ethile ngemininingwane. Ihlukanisa izinkinga zibe izingxenye, icacise izincazelo, ihlukanise ama-nuances, futhi ihlole izimo zeqiniso zeziphakamiso. Isibonelo, ingahlaziya lokho esikuqondayo ngokuthi "ubulungiswa," ngaphansi kwaziphi izimo isenzo esingabizwa ngokuthi silungile, nokuthi incazelo ngayinye inamiphi imiphumela.
- Umlando: kuhlale kuhlotshaniswa imicimbi yomlando, yezenhlalo kanye neyamasikoNakuba imibuzo eminingi yefilosofi ibonakala ingaphelelwa yisikhathi, izimpendulo ezinikezwayo zincike kakhulu enkathini, umongo, kanye nezinkinga eziyinhloko zomzuzu ngamunye. Ifilosofi ihileleka engxoxweni nesikhathi sayo, kodwa futhi nezizukulwane zangaphambilini nezesikhathi esizayo.
- Okuhlelekile: kuvame ukuzihlela izinhlelo ezihambisanayo yemibono. Izazi zefilosofi ezinkulu azigcini nje ngokwakha izingqikithi ezihlukene, kodwa zakha amasethi emiqondo ehlobene ezama ukuchaza ngendlela ehlangene izindawo ezibanzi zeqiniso (ukuba khona, ulwazi, ukuziphatha, ezombusazwe, ubuciko, njll.).
- Omhlaba wonke kanye nokuhlanganisa: ufisa ukuhlanganisa noma yiliphi iqiniso elingenzekaIngase igxile ezihlokweni ezithile, kodwa ihlale ivulekile ukuhlanganisa ulwazi oluvela kwezesayensi ezahlukene, emikhakheni, kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho kwabantu, ifuna umbono ohlangene womhlaba kanye nowesintu.
- Okusebenzayo nokulawulayo: Akugcini nje ngokuchaza ukuthi izinto zinjani, kodwa futhi kubuza ukuthi kufanele zibe kanjaniUlwazi lwefilosofi luyachaza izindlela zokuziphatha, zezepolitiki nezibalulekile eziqondisa izenzo zethu. Ayisho nje ukuthi “lokhu kuyenzeka,” kodwa iyabuza ukuthi kulungile, kuyafiseleka, noma kunengqondo yini ukuthi kwenzeke.
Lezi zici zibonisa ukuthi ulwazi lwefilosofi aluncintisani nesayensi, inkolo, noma okuhlangenwe nakho kwansuku zonke, kodwa kunalokho luyaphelelisa futhi luzihlole . Lubuza ukuthi kungani nokuthi kungani lapho ezinye izinhlobo zolwazi zigxila khona endleleni.
Kusukela kulo mbono, ulwazi lwefilosofi luba ithuluzi elinamandla lokuqonda izinkolelo zethu, izikhungo zethu, kanye nezinqumo zethu. Lusisiza ukuba siqaphele izinkolelo esizithatha kalula, sibone imiphumela yokucabanga kwethu, futhi sivule amathuba amasha okuphila ngokucaca okukhulu nangokuvumelana . Ngokuhlakulela lolu hlobo lolwazi, umuntu ngamunye angajulisa ukuzazi kwakhe, acebise ingxoxo yakhe nabanye, futhi ahlanganyele ngokuqonda okukhulu ekwakheni umphakathi onobulungiswa nonengqondo.