El uthumelela abanye imiyalezo Ichazwa njengeqoqo lezimpawu noma izinhlamvu ezihambisana nohlelo lokubhala, ezihlanganiswe ngokuhambisanayo, zakha inkulumo enenjongo. Inhloso yalo eyinhloko dlulisa ulwazi noma ukuvumela ukuxhumana phakathi kwabantu. Ngaphakathi kwale ndawo yonke enkulu, umbhalo monographic Inendawo ekhethekile, njengoba ibhekisela kulezo zincwadi ezisetshenziswa ezinhlotsheni ezithile zezemfundo kanye nezokubhala veza isihloko esithile ngokuningiliziwe noma ugxile kuphela kwesinye sezici zayo.
Empeleni, i-monograph ngumsebenzi ofuna ukuqeda, ngangokunokwenzeka, ulwazi olutholakalayo ngesihloko esithile, ukuhlanganisa ukuqoqwa kwemininingwane ne ukuhlaziya okubalulekile kanye nokwethulwa okuhlelekile kwemiphumela, imibono, noma iziphetho.
Yini imisebenzi ye-monographic?
I-etymology yegama i-monograph Livela esiGrekini, lapho igama elithi “mono” lisho khona uno futhi "amagrafu" kusho ukubhalaNgamanye amazwi, umbhalo ogxile kuwo isihloko esisodwa noma inkinga echazwe kahle. Ama-monograph ayimisebenzi ehilela ucwaningo olusebenzisa imithombo eyahlukahlukene njengezincwadi, izihloko zesayensi, omagazini abakhethekile, imibhalo yezikhungo, izizindalwazi zezemfundo, izingxoxo, kanye namawebhusayithi athembekile, phakathi kokunye. Inhloso iwukuthi ukuqoqa, ukuhlela nokuhumusha ulwazi olufanele ngangokunokwenzeka okuhlobene nesihloko esithile.
Ngenxa yale nqubo yokusesha nokuhlaziya, i-monograph ivumela cubungula ulwazi Iyatholakala futhi inikeza ucwaningo oluqinile, olunemininingwane, noluhlelekile. Ayikopishi nje idatha, kodwa ihlanganisa umbono wombhali, ikhono labo lokuhlanganisa ulwazi, kanye nokuhumusha kwabo komuntu siqu ngokusekelwe ebufakazini obubonisiwe.
Esimweni sezemfundo, ama-monograph asetshenziswa kusukela emazingeni esikole kuya ezifundweni zaseyunivesithi kanye nezifundo ze-postgraduate. Angahluka kakhulu ngobude: kusukela embikweni omfushane kuya kumbhalo omude osondela ku-thesis, kuye ngokuthi ubunzima besihloko kanye nezidingo zesikhungo noma uthisha.
Izici
- Ukusetshenziswa kwezemfundo nocwaningoKuvame ukusetshenziswa ekukhiqizweni kwe umsebenzi obhaliwe, ucwaningo, ukucabangisisa nama-eseyikanye nemibiko yobungcweti kanye nezincwadi ezikhethekile.
- Gxila esihlokweni esithileUmbhali kumele akhethe futhi achaze ngokunembile indaba ukuze agweme ukuphambuka. I-monograph ihlala ijikeleza ku- inkinga ephakathi noma umbuzo wocwaningo ochazwe ngokucacile.
- Izindlela ezahlukahlukeneUmbhali unekhono lokusondela esihlokweni ngemibono ehlukene (ephikisanayo, echazayo, echazayo noma echazayo), ekhetha indlela efanelana kahle nezinhloso zomsebenzi.
- Ukujula nokuphelelaInhloso ukwethula umfundi lonke ulwazi kanye nedatha engaba khona ngesihloko esithile, kukhethwa izici ezibaluleke kakhulu nezamanje. Emkhakheni wezemfundo, inhloso futhi ukwakha nokuhlola imibono ukwandisa noma ukungabaza ulwazi olukhona.
- Ukuqina kanye nokungakhethi calaNakuba kunendawo yokuhumusha komuntu siqu, umbhalo we-monographic kumele usekelwe ku- imithombo ethembekile kanye nezimpikiswano eziqinile, ezilwela ukugcina ithoni engathathi hlangothi, engakhethi futhi egxekayo.
- Isakhiwo kanye nendlelaKuyadingeka ukulandela isakhiwo esivumelanayo (isibonelo, isingeniso, intuthuko kanye nesiphethokanye neyodwa indlela yocwaningo okuhlanganisa ukusesha, ukukhetha, ukuhlela, nokuhlaziya ulwazi.
- Isandiso esiguquguqukayoNakuba ama-monograph ngokuvamile amade kakhulu, lokhu akuyona imfuneko. Ubude bawo buxhomeke ezingeni lokujula okudingekayo. qeda isihloko esikhethiwe kanye nemithetho yesikhungo.
- Ubumbano lwangaphakathi kanye nokuvumelanaOkuqukethwe kumele kuhlelwe ngendlela enengqondo, ngaphandle kokuphikisana, ngemibono exhunywe ngokushintsha okucacile kanye nokuhlonipha intambo efanayo eqhubeka kulo lonke umsebenzi.
- Ukusetshenziswa kolimi olusemthethweniNgokuvamile, kusetshenziswa ulimi lwezemfundo noma lobuchwepheshe, kanye amagama aqondile kufanelekile emkhakheni wokufunda, kugwenywe ukungezwani kwamagama kanye nokungacaci kahle.
- Ukuba khona kwezingcaphuno nezinkombaKubalulekile ukukhombisa imithombo yokuqala yemibono, imibono, noma idatha esetshenzisiwe, ngokusebenzisa uhlelo lokucaphuna oluqashelwayo (isibonelo, i-APA, iVancouver, noma iChicago), oluqinisa ukwethembeka komsebenzi.
Izinhlobo zombhalo we-Monographic
Imisebenzi ye-monographic ingahlukaniswa ngokwezinga lokusebenza kwayo, inhloso yayo eyinhloko, noma indlela yokwakha. Ngokombono ojwayelekile, imibhalo ye-monographic iyahlukaniswa ubuntatheli, isayensi, isikole kanye nokuvamileNgaphezu kwalokho, izincwadi zemfundo ziqaphela izigaba ezifana ama-monograph okuhlanganisa, ama-monograph ocwaningo, kanye nama-monograph okuhlaziya okuhlangenwe nakho, okungahlanganiswa nezinhlobo ezichazwe ngezansi.
- Ubuntatheli: Lezi yizincwadi ezibhalwe phansi ezilungiselelwe ngenhloso yokuthi yandisa futhi ujulise ulwazi Le misebenzi isekelwe ophenyweni olulodwa noma ngaphezulu lwezintatheli. Ngokuvamile ikhuluma ngezinkinga zamanje zomphakathi noma zezepolitiki ngombono wokuziphatha, wefilosofi, noma wokugxeka. Kuyo, umbhali angasebenzisa izimpikiswano zomuntu siqu kanye nemibono enesisekelo esihleLokhu kwethula ingxenye ethinta umuntu ngamunye, yize isekelwa njalo yidatha, izingxoxo, izibalo kanye nemibhalo.
- Ngokwesayensi: Lezi yimibhalo eveza kabanzi nangokuhlelekile isihloko, ngesakhiwo esihlelekile nesicacile, esihloselwe ochwepheshe kanye nomphakathi wesayensiNgenxa yalokhu, kusetshenziswa izinhlobo ezahlukene zobufakazi: izivivinyo zelebhu, izifundo zasensimini, izinhlolovo, izibalo, amathebula, noma imibono evumela ukuthi isihloko sidingidwe ngendlela eqotho. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ama-monograph ocwaningo futhi lezo ze ukuhlaziywa kokuhlangenwe nakho, lapho kuchazwa khona izivivinyo, izindlela, imiphumela kanye nengxoxo yazo.
- Izingane zesikole: Le misebenzi yenziwa ngenhloso yokuthi ukufeza imisebenzi yezemfundo emazingeni ayisisekelo, aphakathi, noma eyunivesithi. Ngokuvamile zinezimpawu zezincwadi ezijwayelekile, kodwa ezivumelaniswe nezinga labafundi. Ezimweni eziningi, ziyacatshangelwa ama-monograph okuhlanganiswa, njengoba beqoqa futhi behlanganisa uhlu lwezincwadi olutholakalayo, okubonisa ukuqonda komfundi ngesihloko.
- Jikelele: Lezi yimibhalo ekhuluma ngesihloko esithakazelisayo emphakathini othize (isibonelo, ibhizinisi, ubuchwepheshe, noma umphakathi), kuyilapho inamathela ezimisweni eziyisisekelo zencwadi ebhalwe phansi. Isetshenziswa ezimweni zebhizinisi, zangasese, noma zomuntu siqu izinqubo zokubhala, amaphrojekthi noma izinkinga ngemininingwane eyanele kanye nokuhleleka.
Uma umuntu eqaphela inhloso yombhaloI-monograph ingaba futhi:
- Ukuphikisa: uma ulwazi lunikezwa qinisekisa umbono noma isiphakamiso inoveli, ukuvikela ingqikithi ngezimpikiswano nobufakazi.
- I-Expository: lapho isihloko sikhulunywa ngaso ngendlela eqotho nenolwazi, ngaphandle kokuthatha uhlangothi olucacile, ukubeka phambili ukucaca kanye nokuchazwa kwemiqondo.
- Okuchazayo: lapho ulwazi oluqoqiwe luhunyushwa futhi luchazwa lula ukuqonda ngezimo eziyinkimbinkimbi, izinqubo, noma imibono.
- okuchazayo: lapho into efundwayo, izici zayo, izingxenye zayo kanye nobudlelwano obufanele kakhulu buchazwa ngokuningiliziwe nangokunembile.
Empeleni, ama-monograph amaningi ahlanganisa izindlela eziningana zalezi, isibonelo, zombili okuchazayo nokuphikisayo, noma okuchazayo nokuchazayo, njengoba kudingeka ngenhloso yocwaningo.
Iyini imisebenzi yayo nokubaluleka kwayo?
Njengoba kushiwo, imibhalo ye-monographic ifuna ukwethula ulwazi oluphelele noluhlelekile kakhulu ngangokunokwenzeka ngesihloko esithile. Yilowo umsebenzi walo oyinhloko. Kodwa-ke, lolu hlobo lomsebenzi lufeza eminye imisebenzi ebalulekile kokubili emkhakheni wezemfundo, wobungcweti kanye nowesayensi.
- Umnikelo emfundweni yomfundiI-monograph ebhalwe kahle ivumela umfundi ukuqonda isihloko ngokujulile, okuqinisa ulwazi lwakhe. amakhono okuhlaziya, ukuhlanganisa kanye nokucabanga okubucayiKuyinsiza yemfundo ewusizo kubafundi, othisha, kanye nochwepheshe.
- Ukwanda kolwazi olukhonaLe misebenzi ifunwa ukwandisa ulwazi olutholakalayo ngesihloko noma ngesinye sezici zaso ezithile. Umbhali kumele anikezele ngokuqukethwe okusha, kungaba ngedatha engashicilelwanga, izindlela zokuqala, noma ukuhumusha kabusha imibono yangaphambilini, okuzuzisa indawo yolwazi isihloko esikuyo.
- Ukuthuthukiswa kwamakhono ocwaningoKwabafundi, ukubhala ama-monograph kuqinisa ukuqonda ukuqondaIkhono lokuthola nokukhetha imithombo ethembekile, ukuhlela ulwazi, nokusebenzisa izindinganiso zokucaphuna libalulekile. Lawa makhono awusizo kokubili ezifundweni zesikhathi esizayo kanye nempilo yobungcweti.
- Ukuqashelwa kochwephesheKubacwaningi nochwepheshe, ukudalwa kwama-monograph kanye nokushicilelwa kwawo okulandelayo kumajenali, ezincwadini, noma ezinkundleni zedijithali kungenza ukunikeza ukubonakala kanye nodumo ngaphakathi komphakathi wabo. I-monograph esezingeni eliphezulu iba ikhadi eliqinile lobizo.
- Ukuhlelwa kwesimo sesimanjeAma-monograph amaningi asebenza njenge izifinyezo ezibuyekeziwe ngolwazi olutholakalayo ngesihloko, okuwusizo kakhulu uma kunolwazi oluningi olusakazeke emithonjeni eminingi.
Ngakho-ke, ngaphezu kwemisebenzi yayo eqondile, i-monograph inikeza izinzuzo eziningi nezinzuzoukuba yithuluzi elibalulekile emikhakheni efana nemfundo, ucwaningo lwesayensi, ukuphathwa kwebhizinisi kanye nokusatshalaliswa kolwazi olukhethekile.
Izinto noma izingxenye ze-monograph
Isakhiwo sencwadi yomlando singahluka kuye ngohlobo lomsebenzi okufanele wenziwe, izidingo zesikhungo, kanye izethameli eziqondiweKodwa-ke, kunezinto eziningana eziphindaphindwa njalo futhi ezifanele ukuzazi.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kukhona isakhiwo esiyisisekelo (isingeniso, umzimba, kanye nesiphetho), esivame ukusetshenziswa ezindabeni, ekuzindleni, noma emisebenzini emifushane. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kukhona isakhiwo esiphelele, sendabuko, esibizwa ngokuthi evame ukusetshenziswa emsebenzini wezemfundo noma wesayensi futhi okuhlanganisa: Isifinyezo, isingeniso, intuthuko, iziphetho, uhlu lwezincwadi kanye nezithasiseloNgaphezu kwalokho, ezimweni eziningi kunezelwa izinto zokuqala ezifana nesembozo, ukunikezelwa, ama-epigraph, kanye ne-index.
Ingxenye ngayinye yalezi zingxenye ifeza umsebenzi othize ngaphakathi komsebenzi, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuziqonda ukuze uzithuthukise ngendlela efanele. Izinto eziyinhloko zemodeli yendabuko, ehlanganisa nalezo zesakhiwo esiyisisekelo, zichazwe ngezansi.
Isifinyezo
Kushiwo a isiqeshana esincane mayelana nokuqukethwe abafundi abazokuthola encwadini yomlando. Ngokuvamile kubekwa ekuqaleni kwedokhumenti futhi inhloso yayo uku ukunikeza umbono obanzi lomsebenzi: isihloko esiyinhloko, izinhloso, indlela esetshenzisiwe, imiphumela eyinhloko kanye neziphetho ezifanele kakhulu.
Abalobi abaningi basebenzisa lesi sifinyezo njengendlela ukuheha ukunaka komfundi ngesihloko, okwenza kube lula ngabo ukunquma ukuthi okuqukethwe kuyahambisana yini nezintshisekelo zabo. Ezimweni zemfundo nezesayensi, isifinyezo sivame ukuhambisana nalokhu okulandelayo: amagama angukhiye ezichaza imiqondo eyisisekelo yomsebenzi futhi zenze kube lula ukufakwa kwawo ohlwini lwedatha.
Isingeniso
Isingeniso siyingxenye yombhalo lapho imibono eyinhloko okufanele ithuthukiswe ne umongo wesihlokoInhloso yayo ukulungiselela umfundi ukuqonda ukuthi umsebenzi umayelana nani nokuthi kungani ubalulekile.
Isingeniso ngokuvamile sihlanganisa izinto ezifana nalezi:
- Ukwethulwa kwesihloko kanye nokunqunywa kwayo.
- Ukulungiswa noma ukubaluleka kwesifundo.
- Izinhloso izici ezijwayelekile neziqondile ze-monograph.
- Imibuzo yocwaningo noma inkinga ebalulekile okufanele ixazululwe.
- Indlela ejwayelekile isetshenziselwa ukuqoqa nokuhlaziya ulwazi.
- Isakhiwo sombhalo, echaza kafushane lokho okukhulunywa ngakho esahlukweni noma esigabeni ngasinye.
Isingeniso esihle siqondisa umfundi, simise okulindelwe okucacile, futhi sichaze uhlaka okuzolandelwa kulo lonke umsebenzi.
Intuthuko
Ingxenye yentuthuko iyingqikithi ye-monograph, ingxenye lapho, njengoba igama layo lisho, wethula futhi ahlaziye isihloko asithandayo ngendlela ehlelekile, ephelele, nenengqondo. Lapha, ulwazi olutholakale ocwaningweni luyethulwa, kuxoxwa ngemibono, kuqhathaniswa imithombo, bese kwethulwa izimpikiswano zomuntu siqu.
Ukuze kube nesakhiwo sentuthuko esifanele, kungcono ukuthi sihlukaniswe ngezigaba ezimbili: izahluko noma izigaba ezilandelana ngokulandelana okuvumelanayo. Isibonelo, ungaqala ngemibono eyisisekelo yethiyori, uqhubeke nolwazi oluyisisekelo ngesihloko, bese uchaza indlela esetshenzisiwe, bese ekugcineni wethula imiphumela nengxoxo.
Inhlangano yangaphakathi yentuthuko ingafaka:
- Sula imibhalo engezansi ezibonisa okuqukethwe yisigaba ngasinye.
- Izinguquko ezinengqondo phakathi kwezingxenye ukuze kulondolozwe ubumbano.
- Amathebula, amagrafu noma imidwebo (uma kufanele) ukusekela incazelo yedatha.
- Izingcaphuno eziqondile nezichazwe ngenhla ngabanye ababhali, okubhekiselwe kubo ngokufanele.
Kubalulekile ukugwema ukudidanisa okuqukethwe; isibonelo, bekungeke kube kuhle ukukhuluma ngezinhlobo zombhalo we-monographic ngaphandle kokuchaza ngaphambilini ukuthi iyini i-monograph, noma ukwethula imiphumela ngaphandle kokuchaza ngaphambilini indlela esetshenziswayo ukuyithola.
Isiphetho
Isiphetho yingxenye lapho izimpendulo zemibuzo, ukungabaza noma imibono okuphakanyiswe ngale ndaba. Kusebenza futhi njengesiphetho lapho fingqa okuqukethwe okuhlanganisiwe, uqokomise amaphuzu abaluleke kakhuluAkukhona ukuphinda ngqo lokho okwakushiwo kakade ekuthuthukisweni, kodwa mayelana nokuhlanganisa nokukuhumusha kabusha ngokubheka izinhloso zokuqala.
Kulesi sigaba kungenzeka:
- Fingqa imiphumela eyinhloko emsebenzini.
- Hlola izinga lokuthobela imithetho yezinhloso.
- Cabanga ngokugxeka mayelana nemikhawulo yocwaningo.
- Phakamisa imigqa yocwaningo yesikhathi esizayo noma iziphakamiso ezisebenzayo ezithathwe ekuhlaziyweni okwenziwe.
Isiphetho esakhiwe kahle sinikeza umfundi umbono ocacile walokho okufeziwe nge-monograph kanye ne- umnikelo othize okusiza ekwazini ngale ndaba.
Umbhalo wezincwadi noma izinkomba
Ingxenye yohlu lwezincwadi noma izinkomba ibhekisela kusethi imithombo ebonisiwe ukulungiselela umsebenzi, okungukuthi, izincwadi, izihloko, imibiko, amakhasi ewebhu kanye neminye imibhalo lapho kuthathwe khona izinto ezisetshenzisiwe.
Nakuba ingasetshenziswa njalo ngokukhulu ukucophelela esikoleni samabanga aphansi noma samabanga aphezulu, lesi sigaba sinenjongo ebalulekile: nikeza imithombo yokuqala ukuze abantu abanentshisekelo bakwazi ukungena bajule esicini esithile se-monograph noma baqinisekise idatha eyethulwe.
Kubalulekile:
- Landela eyodwa indinganiso yokucaphuna eyaziwayo (APA, Vancouver, Chicago noma okunye) njalo.
- Faka lonke ulwazi oludingekayo ukuze umfundi akwazi thola kalula imithombo (umbhali, unyaka wokushicilelwa, isihloko, umshicileli, isixhumanisi, njll.).
- Hlonipha izimiso zokuziphatha zemfundo, ugweme ukukopela kanye nokwazisa umsebenzi wabalobi abacashuniwe.
Annexes
Izithasiselo ziyingxenye yokugcina yencwadi lapho umbhali angafaka khona izinto ezengeziwe isetshenziswa njengesisekelo sokuthuthukiswa komsebenzi. Isibonelo, amashadi okuqhathanisa, izibalo ezinemininingwane (amaphesenti, amathebula), izinhlolovo ezisetshenzisiwe, izingxoxo eziphelele, amathuluzi okuqoqwa kwedatha, izithombe noma amadokhumenti afanele.
Izinto zonke kumele zibe okuhlukanisiwe, okunesihloko futhi okusohlwini Lokhu kuvumela ukubhekisela okulula nokusheshayo kulo lonke umbhalo. Ngale ndlela, umzimba oyinhloko wombhalo uhlala uhlanzekile futhi ugeleza, kuyilapho ulwazi oluningi noma lobuchwepheshe lugcinelwe izithasiselo ngaphandle kokulahleka.
Kumaphrojekthi amaningi, izithasiselo azikhethwa, kodwa ukufakwa kwazo kungaba usizo kakhulu uma ufuna ukunikeza izinga eliphezulu lemininingwane ngaphandle kokulayisha ngokweqile intuthuko eyinhloko.
Le ncwadi ingenye yezincwadi zezemfundo ezisetshenziswa kakhulu emhlabeni jikelele. Ikhiqizwa ngabafundi, othisha, izintatheli, ososayensi, nanoma yimuphi umuntu, inhlangano, noma inkampani eyidingayo. ukubhala phansi isihloko ngendlela ehlelekileNgenxa yesakhiwo sayo esicacile, ukusetshenziswa kwayo okuqinile kwemithombo, kanye nekhono layo lokuhlela ulwazi, iba ithuluzi elibalulekile lokufunda, ukucwaninga, ukuxhumana, kanye nokwakha ulwazi olusha kulokho osekukhona kakade.