Kunezindlela ezahlukahlukene zokufinyelela ulwazi. Izindlela zendabuko zokufinyelela ulwazi zifaka phakathi ucwaningo oluqondile ngokuhlola, ukusetshenziswa kwamasu okuthola ulwazi, kanye [nendlela yokuphenya] ehlala ikhona. ukuzama nephuthaKodwa-ke, eceleni kwalezi zindlela zokuhlola, kukhona uhlobo locwaningo oluncike cishe ngokuphelele ezintweni ezikhona kakade: ucwaningo lwamadokhumentari.
Ucwaningo yi- indlela esemqoka yokuthuthukisa imikhakha emishakanye nokwandisa ulwazi olukhona. Lokhu kube yisici esiyisisekelo ekwandiseni ukuqonda kwabantu kuzo zonke izici: kwezesayensi, ngokomlando, kwezenhlalo, kwezamasiko, kwenhlangano kanye nakwezobuchwepheshe.
Ngaphakathi kwale ndawo yonke enkulu, kukhona uhlobo locwaningo olusetshenziswa kabanzi ekwenzeni izifundo zomlando, ezenhlalo kanye nezethiyorilapho ukusesha ulwazi oluqoqwe ezincwadini, emibhalweni yesandla, emibhalweni egciniwe, emibhalweni eqoshiwe, emibhalweni egciniwe, nasezintweni ezisetshenziswayo ezilalelwayo nezibonwayo kubalulekile. Lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi ucwaningo lwamadokhumentari noma ucwaningo lwezincwadi noma lwesibili.
Luyini ucwaningo lwemibhalo?
Empeleni, kumayelana ukusesha, ukukhetha, ukuhlela, ukuhlaziya kanye nokuhumusha ulwazi Umcwaningi uhlola ngokujulile imithombo ehlukahlukene, ehlola ubuqiniso bayo, eyiqhathanisa, futhi efunda umongo lapho yakhiqizwa khona. Babheka imibhalo ebhaliwe, enezithombe, enomsindo, noma enokubonwayo, futhi, ngokusekelwe kulokhu, bakhe izincazelo kanye nezimpikiswano mayelana nesenzakalo esithile.
Akuzona zonke imithombo enikeza ulwazi oluqondile; yingakho kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kombhalo ngamunye nokuhlukanisa phakathi kobufakazi obuqondile kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwakamuva, ukuqhathanisa nokuhlola imvelaphi yolwazi.
Le ndlela icabanga ukuthi ulwazi lungandiswa hhayi ngokukhiqiza idatha entsha kuphela, kodwa futhi ukufunda kabusha nokuhumusha kabusha idatha ekhona. Ucwaningo lwamadokhumenti alugcini ekukopisheni ulwazi; umongo walo uwukuthi hlaziya, uhlanganise futhi unqume imibono esekelwe kulokho abanye ababhali abakubhalile, abakushilo, noma abakubhalile ngaphambilini.
Ngokungafani nezindlela zokuhlola noma izifundo zasensimini, lapha ukuxhumana neqiniso kwenziwa ngemithombo ekhona kakade: izincwadi, izihloko, amaphephandaba, izindatshana, izingobo zomlando ezisemthethweni, izithombe, izingxoxo eziqoshiwe, izibalo ezishicilelwe, phakathi kwezinye eziningi. Ngakho-ke, kubizwa ngokuthi ngokuvamile ikhwalithi kanye nethiyorinakuba ingasekela ucwaningo lwezibalo lapho ibuyekeza, isibonelo, izizindalwazi zezibalo.
Ucwaningo lwamadokhumenti luvame ukuba khona cishe kuyo yonke imisebenzi yezemfundo ejulile: izincazelo, amaphrojekthi ocwaningo, imibiko yobuchwepheshe, noma izifundo zemakethe zifaka okungenani isigaba esisodwa se- ukubuyekezwa kwezincwadi noma "isimo sobuchwepheshe", lapho lokho osekwaziwa kakade ngesihloko kuhlaziywa ngaphambi kokuphakamisa okuthile okusha.
Amathiphu wokwenza uphenyo lwedokhumentari:
- Zama ukugcina a ukuma okungakhethiHlola amaqiniso bese uzama ukwakha izahlulelo kuphela uma kukhona umthombo noma iqoqo lemithombo eliwasekelayo.
- Hlola imithombo eminingana, unikeze ingqwalasela eyengeziwe kuleyo eye yasetshenziswa okuqinisekisiwe njengeqiniso (izincwadi zemfundo, izihloko zesayensi, imibhalo esemthethweni, njll.).
- Uma uthola ulwazi emthonjeni ongathembekile ngokuphelele, kungcono ukufuna eminye imibhalo ekusiza ukuthi uqinisekise noma ukufaneleka kwaleyo datha.
- Bhala amanothi, bese ubhala ukuhlukaniswa kwesihloko okusebenzayoKungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngezinsuku, imicimbi, izigaba zemfundiso, noma ukulandelana kokubonakala, into ebalulekile ukuthi uqonde kahle ukulandelana kwemibono.
- Dala imidwebo ukuze ikusize ubone ngeso lengqondo ukuthi ucwaningo lwakho kufanele lulandele ngokulandelana kanjani; lokhu kuzokuvumela ukuthi ugxile kulokho ububanzi bezinhloso lokho okucabangile.
Izici zocwaningo lwedokhumentari
Ucwaningo lwedokhumentari lunezici eziningi ezifanayo ezivumela ukuthi luhlukaniswe kwezinye izinhlobo zocwaningo, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, luqonde ukubaluleka kwalo ngaphakathi kwendlela yesayensi.
Okokuqala, zisekelwe ku- ukuqoqwa nokusetshenziswa kwemibhalo ekhona ukuhlaziya idatha nokunikeza imiphumela enengqondo. Umcwaningi akakhiphi ngqo izenzakalo ezifundwe, kodwa kunalokho uzifinyelela ngokuqopha kwazo ezinkundleni ezahlukene zokuxhumana.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ulwazi luqoqwa ngemuva kwe- ukuhleleka okunengqondo nokuhlelekileLokhu kusenza sikwazi ukwakha kabusha izehlakalo ezenzeka esikhathini esidlule, silandele ukuvela komqondo, siqhathanise izindlela zokufundisa, noma sithuthukise amathuluzi ocwaningo asekelwe ezifundweni zangaphambilini.
Lolu hlobo locwaningo lusebenzisa izinqubo eziningi zobuhlakani ezifana ukuhlaziywa, ukuhlanganiswa, ukuqhathanisa, ukususwa, kanye nokuchazwaAkukhona nje ukuqoqa izingcaphuno, kodwa kumayelana nokuzichaza engxoxweni ehambisanayo ephendula umbuzo othize wocwaningo.
Ngokuvamile kwenziwa ngokusekelwe ku- uhlu olucacile lwezinhloso ezithileLezi ziqondiso ziqondisa ukukhethwa kwemithombo futhi zichaze ukuthi yini efanelekile nengafanele. Ngale ndlela, ukubuyekezwa kwedokhumenti akupheli, kodwa kunalokho kugxile ekwakheni ulwazi olusha noma ekucaciseni ulwazi olukhona.
Okokugcina, esinye isici esibalulekile ukuthi ucwaningo lwemibhalo luvumela ukuthola izikhala olwazini futhi uchaze kabusha izindlela zangaphambilini. Ngokutadisha lokho osekubhaliwe ngesihloko esithile, kungenzeka ukuthola izindawo ezingakahlolwa kahle, ukuphikisana phakathi kwababhali, noma imibono enganakwa, ngaleyo ndlela kuvuleke umnyango wocwaningo olusha.
Indlela yokuphenywa kwamadokhumenti
Umqondo walolu cwaningo ukubuyekezwa okubucayi kwemithombo ehlukahlukene yokunyathelisa neyedijithaliNgaso sonke isikhathi umphenyi kumele agcine isimo sengqondo sokungakhethi, angabaze noma yini engaveli emthonjeni oqinisekisiwe noma ukuthembeka kwayo okungakaqinisekiswa ngokuyiqhathanisa neminye imithombo.
Ngakho-ke, ukuthuthukiswa kwesihloko, ngokungafani namacala ocwaningo lokuhlola, kwenziwa kakhulu qualitativeLokhu kwenziwa ngokufunda, ukuhlola, ukuhlukanisa, nokufinyelela iziphetho. Ngisho noma kusetshenziswa idatha yezinombolo, ukuhumusha kwayo kusekelwe olwazini olushicilelwe ngaphambilini.
Ezingeni elisebenzayo, indlela yokucwaninga ngemibhalo ivame ukuhilela izinyathelo ezilandelayo:
- Ukusesha imininingwane: Okokuqala, sidinga ukuqoqa imibhalo efanele. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuthola izincwadi, izihloko zejenali, izincazelo, imibiko, izizindalwazi, izinto ezilalelwayo nezibonwayo, imibhalo esemthethweni, amamephu, izithombe, nanoma yiziphi ezinye izinto ezisekelayo. idatha efanele yenkinga yocwaningoKunconywa ukusebenzisa amakhathalogi omtapo wolwazi, izizindalwazi zezemfundo, kanye nezinjini zokusesha ezikhethekile.
- Ukubuyekezwa kwe-Bibliographic: Uma sesithole ukuthi ulwazi lugxile kuphi, kufanele siqhubeke nokufunda ngokucophelela, sizicwilise esihlokweni esizosithuthukisa. Kulesi sigaba, kuyalulekwa ukuthi yenza uhlaka oluncane Noma, ungakha ilogi yokufunda, ekuvumela ukuthi ube nayo ngendlela efingqiwe nefinyeleleka kalula. Ungabhala phansi umqondo ohlanganisa okuqukethwe umbhalo owubukezile, bese ubhala amanothi anegama ledokhumenti lapho kutholakala khona ulwazi olusekelayo, kanye nenombolo yekhasi noma umzuzu ohambisanayo uma kuyinsiza yokubuka ngemisindo.
- Ukuhlola: Kuvamile ukuthola ulwazi oluphikisanayo ngesihloko esithile. Kumelwe sikhumbule ukuthi yonke imithombo ivame ukuthonywa... umbonoNgakho-ke, uma uhlangabezana nezinguqulo ezimbili mayelana nesihloko esifanayo, ungaqhubeka ngezindlela ezahlukene:
- Ungena ujule kulowo mkhakha, uze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe oluqinisekisa noma olukhansela ukungaqondakali okutholiwe, ikakhulukazi ukufuna imithombo eyinhloko noma izifundo zakamuva.
- Ubhekisela kuzo zombili izinhlangothi zemibono emsebenzini wakho, bese uchaza okungenzeka ithonya lemfundiso, lemibono noma lesimo lokho bekungaba khona kulowo nalowo.
- Ukuhlukaniswa: Lesi yisigaba esibaluleke kakhulu, futhi kulokhu kufanele qoqa lonke ulwazi oluhlobene okwazile ukukuthola ngesihloko esifanayo. Kubalulekile ukuthi uhlukanise ngezihloko, izigaba zokuhlaziya, izikhathi zomlando noma iziguquguquko ezibalulekile, ngoba uma ucwaningo lwakho lubanzi, futhi ungenzi ukuhlukaniswa okuphumelelayo, uzolahleka ezincwadini eziningi, futhi uzochitha intuthuko eyenziwe ezinyathelweni zangaphambilini.
- Ukuhlaziywa kanye nokuchazwa: Njengoba izinto sezihleliwe manje, umcwaningi uyaqhubeka hlaziya ngokujulile okuqukethwe, sungula ubudlelwano phakathi kwababhali, thola izitayela, izikhala kanye nokuphikisana, bese wakhe umbono wakho osekelwa yimithombo.
- Ukulungiswa kweziphetho: Okokugcina, ngokusekelwe kulo lonke ukubuyekezwa, kufanele ufinyelele iziphetho eziphendula imibuzo noma izinkinga eziphakanyiswe emigomweni yakho yokuqala. Lezi ziphetho zingaba eziqondile noma ezingaphelele, kodwa kufanele zihlale zikhomba amaphuzu ayinhloko ngokucacile. Yini enegalelo ekubuyekezweni kwakho olwazini olukhona? nokuthi yimiphi imisebenzi evuleka kuyo.
Izinhlobo zocwaningo lwedokhumentari
Ngaphakathi kwesigaba esijwayelekile socwaningo lwemibhalo, izinhlobo eziningana zingahlukaniswa ngokwezinhloso zazo kanye nohlobo lwemithombo evelele.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngokuvamile kuhlukaniswa phakathi kwalokhu okulandelayo:
- Ucwaningo lwemibhalo yokuhlola: igxila ukuhlola ukuthi kukhona okulungile noma okungalungile kanye nokuqonda ubunzima bendaba engakafundwa kakhulu. Kuyasiza ukuthola umbono obanzi wesihloko, ukucacisa imiqondo, ukwakha imibuzo yocwaningo, nokuthola izixazululo noma imigqa yophenyo engaba khona.
- Ucwaningo oluqukethe ulwazi: Inesibopho sokwethula ulwazi olufanele ngesihloko esithile esivela emithonjeni ehlukahlukene, ngaphandle kokuthatha ukuma okuthile. Umgomo wayo uwukuba chaza futhi uhlele ukwethula ulwazi olukhona ngokucacile ukuze abanye bakwazi ukuluhlola.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kungenzeka futhi ukuhlukanisa ucwaningo lwemibhalo ngokwe- uhlobo lwemithombo ebonisiwe:
- Ucwaningo lwezincwadi: Incike kakhulu ezincwadini, kuma-monograph, kuma-thesis, ezihlokweni ezivela komagazini abakhethekile kanye neminye imibhalo ephrintiwe noma yedijithali engeyona eyomagazini.
- Ucwaningo lwephephandaba: Isebenzisa njengesisekelo amaphephandaba: amaphephandaba, omagazini, amaphephandaba, kanye namasayithi edijithali avuselelwa njalo, awusizo kakhulu ekufundeni izenzakalo zamanje noma ekwakheni kabusha izingxoxo zomphakathi.
- Ucwaningo olubonakalayo noluzwakalayo: Igxila ezithombeni, emabalazweni, kumadayagramu, ezintweni ezinemifanekiso, okuqoshiwe okulalelwayo, amadokhumentari, izingxoxo eziqoshiwe, kanye nezinye izithombe noma amarekhodi omsindo.
- Ucwaningo lwezingobo zomlando noma lwezingobo zomlando: Isebenzisa amadokhumenti angakashicilelwa noma okunzima ukuwafinyelela agcinwe ezingobo zomlando zomphakathi noma zangasese, njengezincwadi, amafayela, izinkontileka, amadokhumenti ommeli olungisa izivumelwano, amafa, amadayari omuntu siqu noma amafilimu okuqala.
Izinhlobo zemibhalo
Nakuba njengomcwaningi kufanele ubukeze futhi uhlole lonke ulwazi olutholakalayo mayelana nesihloko osithuthukisayo, kubalulekile ukuthi ube nokuqonda okucacile kwe- ukuhlukaniswa kwemithombo lapho unokufinyelela khona, ngale ndlela uzokwazi ukuthi yiziphi ongazethemba kakhulu nokuthi ungazisebenzisa kanjani emsebenzini wakho.
- Umthombo oyinhloko: Lona umbiko wesenzakalo noma isenzakalo, esibhalwe ngumuntu owayenokufinyelela okuqondile kuso noma owaqopha idatha ekuqaleni. Izibonelo zamadokhumenti kulesi sigaba zifaka: izincwadi zemfundo zokuqala, izihloko zesayensi, ukubuyekezwa kocwaningo, izincwajana zobuchwepheshe, ama-monograph, imibhalo esemthethweni, amarekhodi ezibalo, izingxoxo eziqoshiwe, amamephu, nezithombe zaleso sikhathiPhakathi kwezinye. Lawa madokhumenti avame ukuqinisekiswa yizinhlangano ezikhethekile zobungcweti, njengoba ebuyekezwe ochwepheshe noma angaphansi kwezikhungo zokubhalisa.
Lolu uhlobo lolwazi esingaluthemba kakhulu, njengoba luye lwaqinisekiswa ochwepheshe ngale ndaba noma lwethulwa njengolusebenzayo ubufakazi obuqondile wamaqiniso.
- Umthombo wesibili: Izihloko ezikulesi sigaba zisekelwe emibhalweni eyinhloko. Ziyizifinyezo, ukuhlanganiswa, kanye nokuhlaziywa kwezihloko ezahlukahlukene ezisekelwa ucwaningo olwenziwe abanye. Zihlanganisa izincwadi, ukubuyekezwa kwezindaba, izincwadi zokufunda, ama-biographies abhalwe ngemva kweqiniso, kanye nezizindalwazi ezihlanganisa izifundo zangaphambilini. Lolu lwazi kufanele luqinisekiswe, ngoba, ezimweni eziningi, ukuzithoba kukhona kumuntu obhala noma okhethayo.
Ngaphezu kwalezi zigaba zakudala, amaphrojekthi amaningi ahlukanisa phakathi kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zemisebenzi. amafomethi edokhumentari okungasebenza njengemithombo eyinhloko noma yesibili:
- Imibhalo ephrintiwe: izincwadi, amaphephandaba, izincwajana, izincazelo, amaphrojekthi ocwaningo, izincwadi zonyaka, izincwadi zezibalo, izincwadi zemiyalelo, ama-encyclopedia nezinye izinto ezibonakalayo.
- Amadokhumenti e-elekthronikhi: zonke izinto ezingatholakala ku-inthanethi noma kwezokuxhumana zedijithali: izincwadi ze-elekthronikhi, omagazini abakhethekile abaku-inthanethi, izihloko zezemfundo ku-PDF, izizindalwazi, amawebhusayithi ezikhungo kanye nezindawo zokugcina zesayensi.
- Imibhalo yezithombe: Amamephu, amapulani, izithombe, i-infographics, imidwebo, nezinye izinto ezibonakalayo ezinikeza ulwazi olubalulekile.
- Imibhalo eboniswa ngomsindo nezithombe: Amavidiyo nomsindo aqukethe ulwazi oluvela ezingxoxweni, ezethulweni, emihlanganweni, kumadokhumentari, kanye namarekhodi asensimini.
Izindlela zokukhetha nokuhlola imithombo yolwazi
Ingxenye ebalulekile yocwaningo lwemibhalo ukunquma imiphi imithombo eyamukelekayo nokuthi yiziphi ezingcono kakhulu ezilahliwe noma ezibekwe esikhundleni sesibili. Izindlela ezine eziyisisekelo zivame ukusetshenziswa kulokhu:
Ubuqiniso: Lokhu kubhekisela ekubeni ngumbhali kanye nomsuka wombhalo noma idokhumenti. Kuyadingeka ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ungubani umbhali, ukuthi bangochwepheshe yini kulo mkhakha, ukuthi ngabe benze ezinye izifundo ezihlobene nesihloko, nokuthi umbhalo esiwubhekayo ungowokuqala ngempela (isibonelo, izinguqulo eziphelele futhi ezingaqhekekanga noma ezingahlanganisiwe).
Ukwethembeka: Lokhu kubhekisela ekutheni idokhumenti inembile futhi iyiqiniso yini. Okubalulekile lapha... umbono wombhaliIkhwalithi yemithombo ekhonjiwe, ukuqina kwendlela yokusebenza, kanye nokuba khona kobandlululo okungenzeka konke kuyizinto ezibalulekile. Nakuba imibhalo engathembekile kangako ingaba usizo ekuhlaziyeni izinkulumo noma imibono, isisekelo socwaningo kumele sisekelwe emithonjeni eqinile.
Ukumelela: Umbuzo uwukuthi ingabe umbhalo uyahambisana ngempela nezinhloso zocwaningo nokuthi ingabe umelela ngokwanele yini into ephenywayo. Umbhalo ungase ube yiqiniso futhi ube neqiniso, kodwa ube yingxenye encane noma ungabi nakubaluleka okukhulu embuzweni oyinhloko.
Okushiwo: Ibhekisela kokuqukethwe kwedokhumenti, ukucaca kwayo, indlela eveza ngayo imibono, kanye nokufaneleka kwayo kumongo womlando, wezenhlalo, noma wokuqondisa lapho yakhiqizwa khona. Ukuqonda incazelo yangempela yomthombo kuhilela ukuwufunda ngokukhanya kwesikhathi sawo kanye nezimo lapho wadalwa khona.
Inkambu yesenzo
Ukufunda ngokubonisana ngemibhalo kuyindlela yokwenza ebaluleke kakhulu, futhi Ububanzi besenzo sayo bufinyelela cishe kuzo zonke izindawonjengoba lonke ucwaningo, noma ngabe alulona oluqophayo ngokuphelele, luhilela isigaba sokubuyekezwa kwezincwadi noma ukuhlaziywa kwesizinda.
Okulandelayo ezinye zezindawo eziyinhloko zokusetshenziswa kwalolu cwaningo:
- Amaqiniso omlando: Ngaphandle kwamacala ophenyo lwe-paleontological, lapho ukuqopha kwe-carbon noma amanye amasu ahlinzeka ngolwazi oluqondile mayelana nesenzakalo esidlule, izenzakalo zomlando zingabuyekezwa kuphela ngokubonisana no izinkomba zohlu lwezincwadi kanye nezincwadi ezibhaliweLa marekhodi, adalwe okhokho bethu ukuze abhale phansi iqiniso noma isenzakalo, asivumela ukuba sicacise futhi siqinisekise lokho okuvame ukudluliselwa kithi ngamasiko athandwayo noma ukulandisa ngomlomo.
- Ucwaningo kwezinye izindawo: Ukubhala imibhalo kuyisigaba esibalulekile ekuqhutshweni kwanoma yiluphi ucwaningo. Ngisho nocwaningo lokuhlola noma lwezenhlalo, naphezu kokuba nezinsimbi zalo zokunquma ulwazi, luhlanganisa isigaba sokubhala imibhalo, esinomthwalo wemfanelo vundisa insimu ukuze kubekwe izisekelo zocwaningo, kuchazwe uhlaka lwethiyori futhi kuqinisekiswe ukubaluleka kwenkinga yocwaningo.
- Ibhizinisi kanye nomkhakha wezenhlalo: Izinhlangano eziningi zisebenzisa ucwaningo oluyimibhalo ukuhlaziya izimakethe, ukutadisha imithetho, ukubuyekeza okuhlangenwe nakho kwezinye izikhungo, noma ukuhlola umthelela wezinqubomgomo zomphakathi, konke kusekelwe emibikweni, ezinqolobaneni zedatha, ezifundweni zangaphambilini, kanye nezibalo ezitholakalayo.
- Imfundo nokuqeqeshwa kwezemfundo: Ezikoleni, ezikhungweni nasemanyuvesi, ucwaningo lwemibhalo luyisisekelo amaphepha ezemfundo, amaphrojekthi ekilasini, ama-monograph kanye ne-thesesIfundisa umfundi indlela yokusesha ulwazi, ukuhlola imithombo, ukucaphuna ngendlela efanele, nokwakha izimpikiswano.
Ukubaluleka kwalolu hlobo locwaningo kusekukwazini kwalo ukusiza ukuqonda ukuthi yini eseyenziwe ngesihloko esithile, ukuthi yiziphi izindlela eziyinhloko, yiziphi izici ezingakaphendulwa, nokuthi yimaphi amathuba akhona okufaka isandla ngombono omusha. Ngale ndlela, ucwaningo lwemibhalo luba ithuluzi elihlanganisa yonke into elicebisa kokubili ithiyori kanye nokwenza cishe kunoma yimuphi umkhakha.
Ukuqonda nokuba nekhono lokucwaninga ngemibhalo kuvumela ukonga izinsiza, ukugwema ukuphindaphindwa komsebenzi osuwenziwe kakade, ukusekela izinqumo ebufakazini, nokwakha ulwazi oluqinile. Labo abaziyo ukusesha, ukuhlola, nokusebenzisa ngokujulile imibhalo banenzuzo enkulu lapho befunda noma yisiphi isenzakalo, kusukela esenzakalweni somlando kuya enkingeni yezenhlalo yanamuhla.